echo x - READ_ME sed '/^X/s///' > READ_ME << '/' XSome enties have not been checked yet. Grep for #### to find them. X / echo x - animals sed '/^X/s///' > animals << '/' X.CD "animals \(en twenty-questions type guessing game about animals" X.SX "animals\fR [\fIdatabase\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "animals" "Start the game" X.PP X\fIAnimals\fR is a guessing game. The user picks an animal and the Xcomputer tries to guess it by posing questions that should be answered by Xtyping \*(OQy\*(CQ for yes and \*(OQn\*(CQ for no. XWhenever the computer loses, it asks Xsome questions that allow it to improve its database, so as time goes on, it Xlearns. The default database should be in \fI/usr/lib/animals\fR. X X X X.SP 0.3 / echo x - anm sed '/^X/s///' > anm << '/' X.CD "anm \(en print name list [68000]" X.SX "anm \fR[\fB\(engnoprus\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(eng" "Global symbols only" X.FL "\(enn" "Sort numerically" X.FL "\(eno" "Prepend the filename to each line" X.FL "\(enp" "No sorting\(emuse symbol table order" X.FL "\(enr" "Sort in reverse order" X.FL "\(enu" "List undefined symbols only" X.FL "\(ens" "Sort in section order" X.EY "anm \(engn test.o" "Print global symbols in numerical order" X.PP X.I Anm Xprints the name list (symbol table) of each ACK format object X.I file Xin the argument list. XIf no file name is given, \fIa.out\fR is used. XEach symbol name is preceded by its value, a section indicator Xand a type indicator. XThe section indicators are: X.SP 0.7 X.HS X.ta 0.25i 0.50i X.nf X \fBU\fR Undefined symbol X \fBA\fR Absolute symbol X \fB\(en\fR Other symbol X.sp XThe type indicators are: X.HS X \fBF\fR Filename X \fBM\fR Module name X \fBS\fR Section name X \fBE\fR External (global) symbol X \fB\(en\fR Local symbol X.fi X.PP XThe output is sorted alphabetically, unless otherwise specified. XNotice that \fIanm\fR can only be used on ACK format object files X(that is: \fI.o\fR and \fI.out\fR files). XIf you want to get the name list of an executable program use X.I nm Xinstead. X X X / echo x - aoutdump sed '/^X/s///' > aoutdump << '/' X.CD "aoutdump \(en display the contents of an object file [68000]" X.SX "aoutdump \fR[\fIfile\fR [\fIabcdef\fR] ]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "aoutdump test.o 000010" "dump the symbol table records of \fItest.o\fR" X.PP X.I Aoutdump Xgives a complete dump of each ACK formatted object X.I file Xin the argument list. XIf no X.I file Xis given, \fIa.out\fR is displayed. XThe parameter following the file name is a bit map that Xcan be used to specify a partial dump. XEach bit must be 0 or 1. XThe 6 bits in the map have the following meanings: X.HS X.ta 0.25i 0.50i X.nf X \fIa\fR Display the header record X \fIb\fR Display the section records X \fIc\fR Display the code bytes X \fId\fR Display the relocation records X \fIe\fR Display the symbol table records X \fIf\fR Display the string area X.fi X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - ar sed '/^X/s///' > ar << '/' X.CD "ar \(en archiver" X.SX "ar\fR [\fBdmpqrtx\fR][\fBabciluv\fR]\fR [\fIposname\fR] \fIarchive \fIfile ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "ar r libc.a sort.s" "Replace \fIsort\fR.s in \fIlibc.a\fR" X.EX "ar rb a.s libc.a b.s" "Insert \fIb.s\fR before \fIa.s\fR in \fIlibc.a\fR" X.PP X\fIAr\fR allows groups of files to be put together into a single archive. XIt is normally used for libraries of compiled procedures. The following keys Xare allowed: X.HS X.ta 0.25i 0.50i X.nf X \fBd\fR: Delete. \fIAr\fR will delete the named members. X \fBm\fR: Move named files. \fIAr\fR expects \fIa\fR, \fIb\fR, or \fIi\fR to be specified. X \fBp\fR: Print the named files (list them on \fIstdout\fR) X \fBq\fR: Quickly append to the end of the archive file. X \fBr\fR: Replace (append when not in archive). X \fBt\fR: Print the archive's table of contents. X \fBx\fR: Extract X.fi X.HS X\fBThe keys may optionally concatencated with one or more of the following\fR: X.nf X.HS X \fBa\fR: After \fIposname\fR X \fBb\fR: Before \fIposname\fR X \fBc\fR: Create (suppresses creation message) X \fBi\fR: Before \fIposname\fR X \fBl\fR: Local temporary file for work instead of \fI/tmp/ar.$$$$$\fR X \fBu\fR: Replace only if dated later than member in archive X \fBv\fR: Verbose X.HS X.fi X X X / echo x - as sed '/^X/s///' > as << '/' X.CD "as \(en MC68000 assembler [68000]" X.SX "as [\(ens][\(enu][\(enT\fIdir\fP][\(eno \fIname\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(ens" "Strip symbol table" X.FL "\(enu" "Accept undefined symbols as external references" X.FL "\(enT" "Make temporary files in \fIdir\fP" X.FL "\(eno" "Put output on file named by next arg" X.EY "as \(enu \(eno file.o file.s" "assemble file.s into file.o" X.PP X.I As Xaccepts MC68000 instruction in a format like: X.I "move.l 4(a0),\(en(sp)" . XSee some of the source files, like X.I kernel/stmpx.s Xand X.I lib/sthead.s Xto get a feel for the syntax. The assembler supports a variable Xnumber of sections, but the combination with the code generator Xand linker assume that you start each assembly file by introducing the Xfollowing sections: X.ta 0.25i 1i X.HS X .sect .text X.br X .sect .rom X.br X .sect .data X.br X .sect .bss X.HS XTo get a large sample of code, compile some C programs and inspect the Xresulting assembly code. XThis will give an idea of what the assembly language looks like. X X X / echo x - ascii sed '/^X/s///' > ascii << '/' X.CD "ascii \(en strip all the pure ASCII lines from a file" X.SX "ascii\fR [\fB\(enn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\(enn" "Extract the lines containing nonASCII characters" X.EX "ascii file >outf" "Write all the ASCII lines on \fIoutf\fR" X.EX "ascii \(enn outf" "Write all the nonASCII lines on \fIoutf\fR" X.PP XSometimes a file contains some nonASCII characters that are in the way. XThis program allows the lines containing only ASCII characters to be X\fIgrepped\fR from the file. XWith the \fB\(enn\fR flag, the nonASCII lines are X\fIgrepped\fR. XNo matter whether the flag is used or not, the program returns an exit status Xof true if the file is pure ASCII, and false otherwise. X X X / echo x - asize sed '/^X/s///' > asize << '/' X.CD "asize \(en report the size of an object file [68000]" X.SX "asize \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "asize test.o" "Give the size of \fItest.o\fR" X.PP X.I Asize Xprints for each argument Xthe (decimal) number of bytes used by the different sections, Xas well as their sum in decimal and hexadecimal. XIf no X.I file Xis given \fIa.out\fR is used. X.I Asize Xcan only be used to obtain the size of a \(M2 \fI.o\fR or \fI.out\fR file. XTo obtain the size of an executable, use X.I size Xinstead. X X X / echo x - asld sed '/^X/s///' > asld << '/' X.CD "asld \(en assembler-loader [IBM]" X.SX "asld\fR [\fB\(enLis\fR]\fR [\fB\(enT \fIdir\fR] [\fB\(eno \fIname\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enL" "A listing is produced on \fIstdout\fR" X.FL "\(enT" "Used to specify a directory for the temporary file" X.FL "\(eni" "Use separate I & D space (64K + 64K)" X.FL "\(eno" "Output goes to file named by next argument" X.FL "\(ens" "A symbol table is produced on \fIstdout\fR" X.EX "asld \(ens file.s" "Assemble \fIfile.s and \fP list symbols" X.EX "asld \(eno output file.s" "Assemble \fIfile.s\fP, put binary on \fIoutput\fP" X.EX "asld \(enT. file1.s file2.s" "Use current directory for temporary file" X.PP X.I Asld Xis the X.MX Xassembler and loader combined. XIt accepts a language similar to that accepted by the \s-2PC-IX\s+2 Xassembler (see Chap. 9). XSymbols are made up of letters, digits and underscores. XThe machine instructions and addressing modes are the same as those Xused by X\s-2PC-IX\s+2, except that modes using multiple registers are written Xlike this example: X.I "mov ax,(bx_si)." XConstant operands are denoted by a sharp sign. XLocal labels are permitted in the usual X.UX Xstyle: the instruction X.I "jmp 1f" Xjumps forward to the closest label X.I 1: X.PP XThe pseudoinstructions accepted by the assembler are listed below: X.HS X.ta 0.25i 1.25i X.nf X \fB.align\fR n \fRAlign to a multiple of \fIn\fP bytes X \fB.ascii\fP str \fRAssemble a string X \fB.asciz\fP str \fRAssemble a zero-terminated string X \fB.bss\fP \fRWhat follows goes in the bss segment X \fB.byte\fP n \fRAssemble one or more bytes X \fB.data\fP \fRWhat follows goes in the data segment X \fB.define\fP sym \fRExport \fIsym\fR from the file X \fB.errnz\fP n \fRForce error if \fIn\fP is nonzero X \fB.even\fP \fRAlign to an even address X \fB.extern\fP sym \fRDeclare \fIsym\fR external X \fB.globl\fP sym \fRSame as \fBextern X \fB.long\fR n \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a long X \fB.org\fP adr \fRSet address within current segment X \fB.short\fP n \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a short X \fB.space\fP n \fRSkip \fIn\fR bytes X \fB.text\fP \fRWhat follows goes in the text segment X \fB.word\fP n \fRAssemble \fIn\fR as a word X \fB.zerow\fP n \fRAssemble \fIn\fP words of zeros X.fi X.HS XIn the above pseudoinstructions, X.I adr Xis an expression yielding a machine address, X.I n Xis a numeric expression, X.I str Xis a quoted string, and X.I sym Xis a symbol. XThe library X.DI /usr/lib/libc.a Xis a packed archive of assembly code. XTo see some examples of it, extract some files from the archive with X.I ar Xand then use the filter X.I libupack Xto convert them to readable ASCII. X.PP XIBM PC X.MX Xdoes not use X.I \&.o Xfiles. XCompiler output is packed assembly language, as are the modules in an archive. XThis scheme requires reassembling archive modules all the time, but it saves Xspace. XThe 68000 versions use \fI.o\fR files. XSee also Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - ast sed '/^X/s///' > ast << '/' X.CD "ast \(en add symbol table to executable file [IBM]" X.SX "ast\fR [\fB\(enXx\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] [\fIsymbol_file\fR]" X.FL "\(enX" "Preserve local symbols (except compiler generated ones)" X.FL "\(enx" "Do not preserve local symbols" X.EY "ast \(enX a.out" "Add symbols from \fIsymbol.out\fR to \fIa.out\fR" X.PP X\fIAst\fR adds the symbol table produced by the \fB\(ens\fR Xoption of asld to the executable file. XIf no symbol table file is listed, the default Xname \fIsymbol.out\fR is used. XThe symbol table can also be directly added to an executed file by the Xcommands \fIcc \(ens prog.c\fR. X X X.SP -0.2 / echo x - astrip sed '/^X/s///' > astrip << '/' X.CD "astrip \(en remove symbols [68000]" X.SX "astrip \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "astrip kernel.out" "Removes the symbol table from \fIkernel.out\fR" X.PP X.I Astrip Xremoves the symbol table ordinarily attached to XACK format object files. X.I Astrip Xcan only be used to remove the symbol table from a X.MX X\fI.out\fR file. XIt cannot be used to remove symbol tables from executables. XTo do that use X.I strip Xinstead. X X X / echo x - at sed '/^X/s///' > at << '/' X.CD "at \(en execute commands at a later time" X.SX "at \fItime\fR [\fImonth day\fR] [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "at 2315 Jan 31 myfile" "Myfile executed Jan 31 at 11:15 pm" X.EX "at 0900" "Job input read from \fIstdin\fR" X.EX "at 0711 4 29 " "Read from \fIstdin\fR, exec on April 29" X.PP X\fIAt\fR prepares a file to be executed later at the specified time by Xcreating a special entry in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR. XThe program \fIatrun\fR should be started Xperiodically, for example, every minute by \fIcron\fR. \fIAtrun\fR Xchecks to see if any Xfiles in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR should now be run, and if so, it runs them Xand then puts them in \fI/usr/spool/at/past\fR. XThe name of the file created in \fI/usr/spool/at\fR by X\fIat\fR is YY.DDD.HHMM.UU (where YY, DDD, HH, and MM give the time to execute and XUU is a unique number). Note that when the command runs, it will not be able Xto use \fIstdin\fR or \fIstdout\fR unless specifically redirected. In Xthe first example above, it might be necessary to put \fI>/dev/tty0\fR Xon some lines in the shell script \fImyfile\fR. XThe same holds for the commands typed directly to \fIat\fR. X X X / echo x - backup sed '/^X/s///' > backup << '/' X.CD "backup \(en backup files" X.SX "backup\fR [\fB\(endjmnorstvz\fR] \fIdir1 dir2" X.FL "\(end" "At top level, only directories are backed up" X.FL "\(enj" "Do not copy junk: \fI *.Z, *.bak, a.out, core\fR, etc" X.FL "\(enm" "If device full, prompt for new diskette" X.FL "\(enn" "Do not backup top-level directories" X.FL "\(eno" "Do not copy \fI*.o\fR files" X.FL "\(enr" "Restore files" X.FL "\(ens" "Do not copy \fI*.s\fR files" X.FL "\(ent" "Preserve creation times" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; list files being backed up" X.FL "\(enz" "Compress the files on the backup medium" X.EX "backup \(enmz . /f0" "Backup current directory compressed" X.EX "backup /bin /usr/bin" "Backup bin from RAM disk to hard disk" X.PP X\fIBackup\fR (recursively) backs up the contents of a given directory and its Xsubdirectories to another part of the file system. XIt has two typical uses. XFirst, some portion of the file system can be backed up onto 1 or more Xdiskettes. XWhen a diskette fills up, the user is prompted for a new one. XThe backups are in the form of mountable file systems. XSecond, a directory on RAM disk can be backed up onto hard disk. XIf the target directory is empty, the entire source directory is copied Xthere, optionally compressed to save space. XIf the target directory is an old backup, only those files in the target Xdirectory that are older than similar names in the source directory are Xreplaced. X\fIBackup\fR uses times for this purpose, like \fImake\fR. XCalling \fIBackup\fR as \fIRestore\fR is equivalent to using the -r option; Xthis replaces newer files in the target directory with older files from the Xsource directory, uncompressing them if necessary. The target directory Xcontents are thus returned to some previous state. / echo x - badblocks sed '/^X/s///' > badblocks << '/' X.CD "badblocks \(en put a list of bad blocks in a file" X.SX "badblocks \fIblock_special\fR [\fIblock\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "badblocks /dev/hd1~~~~~~~" "Handle bad blocks on \fI/dev/hd1\fP" X.EX "badblocks /dev/hd3 310 570 1680 " "Three bad blocks on \fI/dev/hd3\fP" X.PP XIf a device contains bad sectors, it is important to not have them Xallocated to important files. This program makes it possible to collect Xup to 7 bad blocks into a dummy file, so they will not be allocated for a X\*(OQreal\*(CQ file. XWhen the program starts up, it asks for a list of bad blocks, unless Xthey are provided as arguments. XThen it creates a file whose name is of the Xform \fI.Bad_xxxxx\fR, where \fIxxxxx\fR is a pid. X X X.SP 0.7 / echo x - banner sed '/^X/s///' > banner << '/' X.CD "banner \(en print a banner" X.SX "banner \fIarg ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "banner happy birthday" "Print a banner saying happy birthday" X.PP X\fIBanner\fR prints its arguments on \fIstdout\fR using a matrix Xof 6 x 6 pixels per character. The @ sign is used for the pixels. X X X / echo x - basename sed '/^X/s///' > basename << '/' X.CD "basename \(en strip off file prefixes and suffixes" X.SX "basename \fIfile\fR [\fIsuffix\fR] X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "basename /user/ast/file.c" "Strips path to yield \fIfile.c\fP" X.EX "basename /user/file.c .c" "Strips path and \fI.c\fP to yield \fIfile\fP" X.PP XThe initial directory names (if any) are removed yielding the name of the Xfile itself. XIf a second argument is present, it is interpreted as a suffix and is Xalso stripped, if present. XThis program is primarily used in shell scripts. X X X / echo x - bawk sed '/^X/s///' > bawk << '/' X.CD "bawk \(en pattern matching language" X.SX "bawk \fIrules\fR [\fIfile\fR] ... X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "bawk rules input" "Process \fIinput\fR according to \fIrules\fR" X.EX "bawk rules \(en >out" "Input from terminal, output to \fIout\fR" X.PP X\fIAwk\fR is a pattern matching language. X\fIBawk\fR is Basic Awk, a subset of the original. XThe file name \(en can be used to designate \fIstdin\fR. XThe manual is given in Chap. 9. X X / echo x - btoa sed '/^X/s///' > btoa << '/' X.CD "btoa \(en binary to ascii conversion" X.SX "btoa\fR [\fB\(enadhor\fR]\fR [\fIinfile\fR] [\fIoutfile\fR]" X.FL "\(ena" "Decode, rather than encode, the file" X.FL "\(end" "Extracts repair file from diagnosis file" X.FL "\(enh" "Help menu is displayed giving the options" X.FL "\(eno" "The obsolete algorithm is used for backward compatibility" X.FL "\(enr" "Repair a damaged file" X.EX "btoa a.btoa" "Convert \fIa.out\fR to ASCII" X.EX "btoa \(ena a.out" "Reverse the above" X.PP X\fIBtoa\fR is a filter that converts a binary file to ascii for transmission Xover a telephone line. If two file names are provided, the first in used for Xinput and the second for output. If only one is provided, it is used as the Xinput file. The program is a functionally similar alternative Xto \fIuue/uud\fR, but the encoding is completely different. XSince both of these are widely used, both have been provided with X.MX . XThe file is expanded about 25 percent in the process. X X X / echo x - cal sed '/^X/s///' > cal << '/' X.CD "cal \(en print a calendar" X.SX "cal\fR [\fImonth\fR] \fIyear" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "cal 3 1992" "Print March 1992" X.PP X\fICal\fR prints a calendar for a month or year. The year can be Xbetween 1 and 9999. XNote that the year 91 is not a synonym for 1991, but is itself a Xvalid year about 19 centuries ago. The calendar produced is the one used Xby England and her colonies. Try Sept. 1752, Feb 1900, and Feb 2000. If Xyou do not understand what is going on, look up \fICalendar, Gregorian\fR in a Xgood encyclopedia. X X X.SP 2.5 / echo x - calendar sed '/^X/s///' > calendar << '/' X.CD "calendar \(en reminder service" X.SX "calendar [\fB\(en\fR] [\fB\(enr\fR]" X.FL "\(en" "Work for every user and send mail to him" X.FL "\(enr" "Restrict multiple execution on the same day" X.EX "calendar" "Check \fIcalendar\fR file in current directory" X.EX "calendar" "Normary used under the control of cron(8)" X.EX "calendar \(enr" " Normary used in /etc/rc file" X.PP XBasically \fIcalendar\fR program consults the file \fIcalendar\fR in the Xcurrent directory and display lines which contain today's or tomorrow's date. XMonth-day formats such as '12/25', 'Dec. 25', X'december 25', '*/25', '12/*', '*/*' are recognized. The asterisk Xmeans 'all' days or 'all' months. On weekends 'tomorrow' extends through Xnext Monday without any consideration about holidays. XTo prevent ambiguity, the formats '25 Dec.' and '25/12' are not recognized. X.PP XWhen an argument \fB\(en\fR is present, \fIcalendar\fR works for all users Xwith a file \fIcalendar\fR in their login directories and sends them mail. XNormally this is done daily under the control of \fIcron\fR. X.PP XThe \fB\(enr\fR option does its the same job as \fB\(en\fR option, but touches Xthe \fIcalendar\fR to prevents further access on the same day. XNormally this is done in the \fI/etc/rc\fR file on a machine which may be Xbooted several times in one day. / echo x - cat sed '/^X/s///' > cat << '/' X.CD "cat \(en concatenate files and write them to \fIstdout\fP" X.SX "cat\fR [\fB\(enu\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enu" "Unbuffered output" X.EX "cat file" "Display file on the terminal" X.EX "cat file1 file2 | lpr" "Concatenate 2 files and print result" X.PP X.I Cat Xconcatenates its input files and copies the result to \fIstdout\fR. XIf no input file is named, or \(en is encountered as a file name, standard Xinput is used. XOutput is buffered in 512 byte blocks unless the X.B \(enu Xflag is given. XIf you just want to copy a file, \fIcp\fR should be used since it is faster. X.SP 2.5 X X / echo x - cc sed '/^X/s///' > cc << '/' X.CD "cc \(en C compiler" X.SX "cc\fR [\fB\(enFLRSTUciosvw\fR]\fR [\fB\(enD\fIname\fR] ... [\fB\(enI\fIdir\fR] ... [\fB\(enLIB\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enD" "The flag \fB\(enD\fIx=y\fR defines a macro \fIx\fR with (optional) value \fIy\fR" X.FL "\(enF" "Use a file instead of a pipe for preprocessor output [IBM]" X.FL "\(enI" "\fB\(enI\fIdir\fR searches \fIdir\fP for include files" X.FL "\(enL" "List the assembly code on \fIstdout\fR [IBM]" X.FL "\(enLIB~\fRProduce a library module [IBM]" "" X.FL "\(enR" "Complain about all non Kernighan & Ritchie code" X.FL "\(enS" "Produce an assembly code file, then stop" X.FL "\(enT" "The flag \fB\(enT\fIdir\fR tells \fIcem\fR to use \fIdir\fR for temporary files" X.FL "\(enU" "Undefine a macro" X.FL "\(enc" "Compile only. Do not link. X.FL "\(eni" "Use separate I & D space (64K + 64K) [IBM]" X.FL "\(eno" "Put output on file named by next arg" X.FL "\(ens" "For IBM, add symbol table; for 68000 strip symbol table" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; print pass names" X.FL "\(enw" "Suppress warning messages" X.EX "cc \(enc file.c" "Compile \fIfile.c\fP" X.EX "cc \(enD_MINIX file.c" "Treat the symbol \fI_MINIX\fP as defined" X.EX "cc \(enc \(enLIB file.c" "Make a module for the library" X.PP XThis is the C compiler. XIt has multiple passes. XThe names of the programs executed for each pass, their inputs and their Xoutputs are given in the table below. X.HS X.ta 1.4i 2.1i 2.8i 3.5 X \fBProgram Input Output Operation performed\fR X.br X /lib/cpp prog.c prog.i C preprocessor [IBM] X.br X /lib/cem prog.i prog.k Parsing and semantic analysis X.br X /usr/lib/opt prog.k prog.m Optimization of the intermediate code X.br X /usr/lib/cg prog.m prog.s Code generation X.br X /usr/bin/asld prog.s a.out Assembly and linking [IBM] X.br X /usr/bin/as prog.s prog.o Assembly [68000] X.br X /usr/lib/ld prog.o .out Linking [68000] X.br X /usr/lib/cv .out a.out Conversion to \s-2MINIX\s0 format [68000] X.HS XThe main program, X.I cc , Xforks appropriately to call the passes, transmitting flags and arguments. XThe \fB\(env\fR flag causes the passes to be listed as they are called. X.PP XThe IBM C compiler uses a combined assembler-linker that takes in assembly Xcode files in packed format and produces an \fIa.out\fR file. XThe 68000 C compiler uses normal \fI.o\fR files. XAssembly language files on the IBM can be packed and unpacked using the Xfilters \fIlibpack\fR and \fIlibupack\fR. XThe IBM libraries are Xarchives of packed assembly code files, except that defined symbols Xmust be declared by \fI.define\fP statements at the beginning. XTo make modules for inclusion in the library, use the \fB\(enc\fP and X\fB\(enLIB\fP options. XIf you compile library modules by accident without using the \fB\(enLIB\fR Xflag, they will not be recognized, leading to undefined reference error Xmessages from the linker. X.PP XIf memory is tight, use the \fB\(enF\fR flag to force the compiler to Xrun the passes one at a time, without pipes. XWhen available memory is very limited, it may be Xnecessary to run X.I chmem Xto reduce the sizes of some compiler passes. XOn the other hand, Xif the compiler (or, in fact, almost any program) Xbegins acting strange, it is almost always due to its running Xout of stack or disk space. XThe relevant pass can be given more stack space using X.I chmem . XFor large programs, it make take a little experimenting to get the sizes Xright. XThe \fIcem\fR is usually the guilty party. XBe careful about \fI/tmp\fR filling up too. XMore space for scratch files can be obtained by removing other files Xof using \fB\(enT\fR. X.PP XThe compiler is derived from the ACK system (Tanenbaum et Xal., \fICommunications of the ACM\fR, Sept. 1983), Xnot from the AT&T portable C compiler. XThe sources are available from the companies listed after the Table of XContents. X X X / echo x - cdiff sed '/^X/s///' > cdiff << '/' X.CD "cdiff \(en context diff" X.SX "cdiff\fR [\fB\(enc\fIn\fR] \fIoldfile \fInewfile" X.FL "\(enc" "Provide \fIn\fR lines of context" X.EX "cdiff old new >f" "Write context diff on \fIf\fR" X.EX "cdiff \(enc1 old new >f" "Use only 1 line of context" X.PP X\fICdiff\fR produces a context diff by first running \fIdiff\fR and then Xadding context. XSome update programs, like \fIpatch\fR, can use context diffs to update Xfiles, even in the presence of other, independent changes. X X X / echo x - cgrep sed '/^X/s///' > cgrep << '/' X.CD "cgrep \(en grep and display context" X.SX "cgrep\fR [\fB\(ena \fIn\fR]\fR [\fB\(enb \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enf\fR] [\fB\(enl \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enn\fR] [\fB\(enw \fIn\fR] \fIpattern\fR [\fIfile\fR] ... X.FL "\(ena" "How many lines to display after the matching line" X.FL "\(enb" "How many lines to display before the matching line" X.FL "\(enf" "Suppress file name in the output" X.FL "\(enl" "Lines are truncated to this length before comparison" X.FL "\(enn" "Suppress line numbers in the output" X.FL "\(enw" "Sets window size (same as \fB\(ena\fR n \fB\(enb\fR n)" X.EY "cgrep \(enw 3 hello file1" "Print 3 lines of context each way" X.PP X\fICgrep\fR is a program like \fIgrep\fR, except that it also can print Xa few lines above and/or below the matching lines. XIt also prints the line numbers of the output. X X X / echo x - chgrp sed '/^X/s///' > chgrp << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "chgrp \(en change group" X.SX "chgrp [\fB\(enR\fR] [\fIuser.\fR]\fIgroup \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enR" "Change directory hierarchies" X.EX "chgrp system file1 file2" "Make \fIsystem\fR the group of the files" X.EX "chrgp \(enR other dir1" "Make \fIother\R the group of all files below dir1" X.PP XThe group field (and optionally user field) of the named files is changed to X.I group Xand X.I user . XAlternatively, a decimal gid (uid) may be specified instead of a group name. XIf the \fB\(enR\fR flag is used, the changes will be applied recursively to Xall files in named directories. Only the superuser may execute this command. X X X / echo x - chmem sed '/^X/s///' > chmem << '/' X.CD "chmem \(en change memory allocation" X.SX "chmem\fR [\fB+\fR]\fR [\fB\(en\fR] [\fB=\fR] \fIamount file X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "chmem =50000 a.out" "Give \fIa.out\fP 50K of stack space" X.EX "chmem \(en4000 a.out" "Reduce the stack space by 4000 bytes" X.EX "chmem +1000 file1" "Increase each stack by 1000 bytes" X.PP XWhen a program is loaded into memory, it is allocated enough memory Xfor the text and data+bss segments, plus Xan area for the stack. XData segment growth using X.I malloc , X.I brk , Xor X.I sbrk Xeats up stack space from the low end. XThe amount of stack space to allocate is derived Xfrom a field in the executable program's file header. XIf the combined stack and data segment growth exceeds the stack space Xallocated, the program will be terminated. X.PP XIt is therefore important to set the amount of stack space carefully. XIf too little is provided, the program may crash. XIf too much is provided, memory will be wasted, and fewer programs will be able Xto fit in memory and run simultaneously. X.MX Xdoes not swap, so that when memory is full, subsequent attempts to fork will Xfail. XThe compiler sets the stack space Xto the largest possible value (for the Intel CPUs, 64K \(en text \(en data). XFor many programs, this value is far too large. XNonrecursive programs that do not call X.I brk , X.I sbrk , Xor X.I malloc , Xand do not have any local arrays usually do not need more than 8K of stack Xspace. X.PP XThe X.I chmem Xcommand changes the value of the header field that determines the stack allocation, and Xthus indirectly the total memory required to run the program. XThe = option sets the stack size Xto a specific value; the + and \(en options increment and decrement the Xcurrent value by the indicated amount. XThe old and new stack sizes are printed. X X X / echo x - chmod sed '/^X/s///' > chmod << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "chmod \(en change access mode for files" X.SX "chmod [\fB\(enR\fR] \fImode \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enR" "Change hierarchies recursively" X.EX "chmod 755 file" "Owner: rwx Group: r\(enx Others: r\(enx" X.EX "chmod +x file1 file2" "Make \fIfile1\fR and \fIfile2\fR executable" X.EX "chmod a\(enw file" "Make \fIfile\fR read only" X.EX "chmod u+s file" "Turn on SETUID for \fIfile\fR" X.EX "chmod \(enR o+w dir" "Allow writing for all files in dir" X.PP XThe given mode is applied to each file in the file list. If the \fB\(enR\fR Xflag is present, the files in a directory will be changed as well. XThe mode can be either absolute or symbolic. Absolute modes are given as an Xoctal number that represents the new file mode. The mode bits are defined as Xfollows: X.ta 0.25i X.nf X.HS X 4000 Set effective user id on execution to file's owner id X 2000 Set effective group id on execution to file's group id X 0400 file is readable by the owner of the file X 0200 writeable by owner X 0100 executable by owner X 0070 same as above, for other users in the same group X 0007 same as above, for all other users X.HS X.fi XSymbolic modes modify the current file mode in a specified way. The form is: X.HS X [who] op permissions { op permissions ...} {, [who] op ... } X.HS XThe possibilities for \fIwho\fR are \fIu\fR, \fIg\fR, \fIo\fR, and \fIa\fR, Xstanding for user, group, other and all, respectively. XIf \fIwho\fR is omitted, \fIa\fR is assumed, but the current umask is used. XThe op can be \fI+\fR, \fI-\fR, or \fI=\fR; \fI+\fR turns on the Xgiven permissions, \fI\(en \fRturns them off; \fI=\fR sets the permissions Xexclusively for the given \fIwho\fR. XFor example \fIg=x\fR sets the group permissions to \fI--x\fR. X.PP XThe possible permissions are \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIx\fR; which stand for read, Xwrite, and execute; \fIs\fR turns on the set effective user/group id bits. X\fIs\fR only makes sense with \fIu\fR and \fIg\fR;\fR o+s\fR is Xharmless. X X X / echo x - chown sed '/^X/s///' > chown << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "chown \(en change owner" X.SX "chown [\fB\(enR\fR] \fIuser\fR[.\fIgroup\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enR" "Change directory hierarchies" X.EX "chown ast file1 file2" "Make \fIast\fR the owner of the files" X.EX "chown \(enR ast.other dir" "Change the owner and group of all files in dir" X.PP XThe owner field (and optionally group field) of the named files is changed Xto X.I user X(i.e., login name specified) and X.I group . XAlternatively, a decimal uid(gid) may be specified instead of a user name. XOnly the superuser may execute this command. X X X / echo x - cksum sed '/^X/s///' > cksum << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "cksum \(en display file checksum and size" X.SX "cksum [\fIfile\fR ...]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "cksum" "Display CRC and size of \fIstdin\fR" X.EX "cksum *.c" "Display CRC and size of \fI.c\fP files" X.PP X.I Cksum Xcalculates and writes to standard output the 32-bits CRC of the input X.I files , Xor of stdin if no X.I files Xwere specified. The size in bytes of each X.I file Xwill be displayed after a space. The name of each X.I file Xwill be displayed after another space. X X X X / echo x - clr sed '/^X/s///' > clr << '/' X.CD "clr \(en clear the screen" X.SX "clr~~~~~~~~" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "clr ~" "Clear the screen" X.PP XAll text is removed from the screen, resulting in an empty screen with the Xcursor positioned in the upper left-hand corner. X X X X.SP 1.7 / echo x - cmp sed '/^X/s///' > cmp << '/' X.CD "cmp \(en compare two files" X.SX "cmp\fR [\fB\(enls\fR] \fIfile1 file2" X.FL "\(enl" "Loud mode. Print bytes that differ (in octal)" X.FL "\(ens" "Silent mode. Print nothing, just return exit status" X.EX "cmp file1 file2" "Tell whether the files are the same" X.EX "cmp \(enl file1 file2" "Print all corresponding bytes that differ" X.PP XTwo files are compared. XIf they are identical, exit status 0 is returned. XIf they differ, exit status 1 is returned. XIf the files cannot be opened, exit status 2 is returned. XIf either file is \(en ,\fIstdin\fR is used. X X X X / echo x - cmpO sed '/^X/s///' > cmpO << '/' X.CD "cmp \(en compare two files" X.SX "cmp\fR [\fB\(enls\fR] \fIfile1 file2" X.FL "\(enl" "Loud mode. Print bytes that differ (in octal)" X.FL "\(ens" "Silent mode. Print nothing, just return exit status" X.EX "cmp file1 file2" "Tell whether the files are the same" X.EX "cmp \(enl file1 file2" "Print all corresponding bytes that differ" X.PP XTwo files are compared. XIf they are identical, exit status 0 is returned. XIf they differ, exit status 1 is returned. XIf the files cannot be opened, exit status 2 is returned. XIf either file is \(en ,\fIstdin\fR is used. X X X X / echo x - comm sed '/^X/s///' > comm << '/' X.CD "comm \(en print lines common to two sorted files" X.SX "comm\fR [\fB\(en123\fR] \fIfile1 file2 X.FL "\(en1" "Suppress column 1 (lines present only in \fIfile1\fP)" X.FL "\(en2" "Suppress column 2 (lines present only in \fIfile2\fP)" X.FL "\(en3" "Suppress column 3 (lines present in both files)" X.EX "comm file1 file2" "Print all three columns" X.EX "comm \(en12 file1 file2" "Print only lines common to both files" X.PP XTwo sorted files are read and compared. XA three column listing is produced. XFiles only in X.I file1 Xare in column 1; Xfiles only in X.I file2 Xare in column 2; Xfiles common to both files are in column 3. XThe file name \(en means \fIstdin\fR. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - compress sed '/^X/s///' > compress << '/' X.CD "compress \(en compress a file using modified Lempel-Ziv coding" X.SX "compress\fR [\fB\(encdfv\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enc" "Put output on \fIstdout\fR instead of on \fIfile.Z\fR" X.FL "\(end" "Decompress instead of compress" X.FL "\(enf" "Force output even if there is no saving" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose mode" X.EX "compress outfile" "Compress 1 file" X.EX "compress x y z" "Compress 3 files to \fIx.Z\fR, \fIy.Z\fR, and \fIz.Z\fR" X.EX "compress \(end file.Z" "Decompress \fIfile.Z\fR to \fIfile\fR" X.PP XThe listed files (or \fIstdin\fR, if none are given) are compressed Xusing the Ziv-Lempel algorithm. If the output is smaller than the input, Xthe output is put on \fIfile.Z\fR or \fIstdout\fR if no files are listed. XIf \fIcompress\fR is linked to \fIuncompress\fR, the latter is the same Xas giving the \fB\(end\fP flag. XSimilarly, a link to \fIzcat\fR decompresses to \fIstdout\fR. XThe X.MX Xversion of \fIcompress\fR uses 13-bit compression. XThis means that when compressing files on other systems for transmission to X.MX , Xbe sure that only 13-bit compression is used. XOn many systems, the default is 16-bit (too big). X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - cp sed '/^X/s///' > cp << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "cp \(en file copy" X.SX "cp [\fB\(enRf\&iprv\fR] \fIfile1\fR \fIfile2\fR" X.SX "cp [\fB\(enfR\&iprv\fR] \fIfile\fR ... \fIdirectory\fR" X.FL "\(enf" "Forced remove existing file" X.FL "\(eni" "Ask before removing existing file" X.FL "\(enp" "Preserver full mode, uid, gid and times" X.FL "\(enr" "Copy directories and treat special files as ordinary" X.FL "\(env" "Display what cp is doing" X.FL "\(enR" "Copy directories" X.EX "cp oldfile newfile" "Copy \fIoldfile\fR to \fInewfile\fR" X.EX "cp -R special newspecial" "Copy the \fIspecial\fR file" X.PP X.I Cp Xcopies one file to another, or copies one or more files to a directory. XUnless the \fB\(enr\fR flag is specified, special files will be copied as Xspecial files. Copying a directory requires either the \fB\(enr\fR or the X\fB\(enR\fR flags. X X X X / echo x - cpdir sed '/^X/s///' > cpdir << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "cpdir \(en copy a directory and its subdirectories" X.SX "cpdir [\fB\(enpv\fR] \fIsrcdir\fR \fIdstdir\fR" X.FL "\(enp" "Preserve the full mode, uid, gid and times" X.FL "\(env" "Display cpdir's actions" X.EY "cpdir dir1 dir2" "create \fIdir2\fR and copy \fIdir1\fR's files in it" X.PP X.I Cpdir Xis identical to \fIcp \(enR\fR command, except that the destination directory Xis allowed to exists before the copy. Also, unlike X.I cp , X.I cpdir Xwill preserve the link structure of the copied directory. X X X X / echo x - crc sed '/^X/s///' > crc << '/' X.CD "crc \(en print the checksum of the file data" X.SX "crc \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\fR(none)\fR" X.EY "crc *.c" "Print checksums of all the C programs" X.PP XThe checksum of each argument is computed and printed, along with the file Xlength and its name, one file per line. XThis program is useful for seeing if a file transmitted to another machine Xhas arrived correctly. XIt is conceptually similar to \fIsum\fR, except that it uses a stronger Xchecksum algorithm and also prints the length. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - cron sed '/^X/s///' > cron << '/' X.CD "cron \(en clock daemon" X.SX "cron" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "/usr/bin/cron" "Use absolute path in \fI/etc/rc\fR" X.PP X\fICron\fR is clock daemon. It is typically started up by including the Xcommand \fI/usr/bin/cron\fR in the \fI/etc/rc\fR file. XOnce started, \fIcron\fR puts itself Xin the background, so no & is needed. It runs forever, sleeping most of Xthe time. Once a minute it wakes up and examines \fI/usr/lib/crontab\fR to see Xif there is any work to do. If there is, the work is done. The entries of X\fI/usr/lib/crontab\fR contain 6 elements each. Some examples follow: X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.10i 0.40i 0.70i 1.0i 1.3i 1.8i 4.0i X\fB Min Hr Dat Mo Day Command\fR X \0* \0* \0* \0* \0* /usr/bin/date >/dev/tty0 #print date every minute X \00 \0* \0* \0* \0* /usr/bin/date >/dev/tty0 #print date on the hour X 30 \04 \0* \0* 1-5 /bin/backup /dev/fd1 #do backup Mon-Fri at 0430 X 30 19 \0* \0* 1,3,5 /etc/backup /dev/fd1 #Mon, Wed, Fri at 1930 X \00 \09 25 12 \0* /usr/bin/sing >/dev/tty0 #Xmas morning at 0900 only X.fi X X X X / echo x - ctags sed '/^X/s///' > ctags << '/' X.CD "ctags \(en build a tags file" X.SX "ctags \fR[\fB\(enr\fR]\fR \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enr" "Generate refs as well as tags" X.EY "ctags \(enr *.h *.c" "Generate the tags file" X.PP X\fICtags\fR generates a \fItags\fR file from a collection of XC source files. It can also generate a \fIrefs\fR file. XThe \fItags\fR file is used by \fIelvis'\fR X\*(OQ:tag\*(CQ command, and its \fB\(ent\fR Xoption. XEach C source file is scanned for \fI#define\fR statements and global Xfunction definitions. The name of the macro or function becomes the name of Xa tag. For each tag, a line is added to the \fItags\fR file which contains: Xthe name of the tag, a tab character, the name of the file containing the tag, Xa tab character, and a way to find the particular line within the file. X.PP XThe \fIrefs\fR file is used by the \fIref\fR program, which can be invoked Xvia \fIelvis\fR K command. When ctags finds a global function definition, it Xcopies the function header into the \fIrefs\fR file. XThe first line is flush against the Xright margin, but the argument definitions are indented.the C source files. X X X X.SP -0.5 / echo x - cut sed '/^X/s///' > cut << '/' X.CD "cut \(en select out columns of a file" X.SX "cut [ \fB \(enb \fR|\fB \(enc\fR] \fIlist\fR [\fIfile...\fR]" X.SX "cut \(enf \fIlist\fR [\fB\(end \fIdelim\fR] [\fB \(ens\fR] X[\fIfile...\fR]" X.FL "\(enb" "Cut specified bytes" X.FL "\(enc" "Select out specific characters" X.FL "\(end" "Change the column delimiter to \fIdelim\fR" X.FL "\(enf" "Select out specific fields that are separated by the Xdelimiter character ( see \fIdelim\fR)" X.FL "\(eni" "Runs of delimiters count as one" X.FL "\(ens" "Suppres lines with no delimiter characters, when used Xwith the \(enf option. Lines with no delimiters are passwd through Xuntouched" X.EX "cut \(enf 2 file" "Extract field 2" X.EX "cut \(enc 1\(en2,5 file" "Extract character columns 1, 2, and 5" X.EX "cut \(enc 1\(en5,7\(en file" "Extract all columns except 6" X.PP X\fICut\fR extracts one or more fields or columns from a file and writes them on Xstandard output. XIf the \fB\(enf\fR flag is used, the fields are separated by a delimiter Xcharacter, normally a tab, but can be changed using the \fB\(end\fR flag. XIf the \fB\(enc\fR flag is used, specific columns can be specified. XThe list can be comma or BLANK separated. The \fB\(enf\fR and X\fB\(enc\fR flags are mutually exclusive. XNote: The POSIX1003.2 standard requires the option \(enb to cut out Xspecific bytes in a file. It is intended for systems with multi byte Xcharacters (e.g. kanji), since MINIX uses only one byte characters, Xthis option is equivalent to \(enc. For the same reason, the option X\(enn has no effect and is not listed in this manual page. X X X X / echo x - date sed '/^X/s///' > date << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "date \(en print or set the date and time" X.SX "date [\fB\(enq\fR] [[\fIMMDDYY\fR]\fIhhmm\fR[\fIss\fR]\fR]" X.SX "date [\fB\(enu\fR] [\fI+format\fR] X.FL "\(enq" "Read the date from \fIstdin\fR" X.FL "\(enu" "Print the date as GMT" X.EX "date" "Print the date and time" X.EX "date 0221921610" "Set date to Feb 21, 1992 at 4:10 p.m." X.PP XWith the \fB\(enq\fR flag or a numeric argument, X.I date Xsets the GMT time and date. X.I MMDDYY Xrefers to the month, day, and year; X.I hhmmss Xrefers to the hour, minute and second. XEach of the six fields must be exactly two digits, no more and no less. X.I date Xalways display the date and time, with the default format for the system. XThe \fB\(enu\fR flag request GMT time instead of local time. XA format may be specified with a + followed by a printf-like string with Xthe following options: X.ta 0.25i X.nf X.HS X %% % character X %A Name of the day X %B Name of the month X %D mm/dd/yy X %H Decimal hour on 2 digits X %I Decimal hour modulo 12 on 2 digits X %M Decimal minute on 2 digits X %S Decimal seconds on 2 digits X %T HH:MM:SS X %U Decimal week number, Sunday being first day of week X %W Decimal week number, Monday being first day of week X %X Same as %T X %Y Decimal year on 4 digits X %Z Time Zone (if any) X %a Abbreviated name of the day X %b Abbreviated name of the month X %c Appropriate date & time (default format) X %d Decimal day of the month on 2 digits X %e Same as %d, but a space replaces leading 0 X %h Same as %b X %j Decimal dey of the year on 3 digits X %m Decimal month on 2 digits X %n Newline character X %p AM or PM X %r 12-hour clock time with AM/PM X %t Tab character X %w Decimal day of the week (0=Sunday) X %x Same as %D X %y Decimal year on 2 digits X.HS X X X / echo x - dd sed '/^X/s///' > dd << '/' X.CD "dd \(en disk dumper" X.SX "dd\fR [\fIoption = value\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/fd1" "Copy disk 0 to disk 1" X.EX "dd if=x of=y bs=1w skip=4" "Copy \fIx\fP to \fIy\fP, skipping 4 words" X.EX "dd if=x of=y count=3" "Copy three 512\(enbyte blocks" X.PP XThis command is intended for copying partial files. XThe block size, skip count, and number of blocks to copy can be specified. XThe options are: X.HS X.ta 0.25i 1.5i X \fBif\fR = file \(en Input file (default is \fIstdin\fR) X.br X \fBof\fR = file \(en Output file (default is standard output) X.br X \fBibs\fR = n \(en Input block size (default 512 bytes) X.br X \fBobs\fR = n \(en Output block size (default is 512 bytes) X.br X \fBbs\fR = n \(en Block size; sets \fIibs\fP and \fIobs\fP (default is 512 bytes) X.br X \fBskip\fR = n \(en Skip \fIn\fP input blocks before reading X.br X \fBseek\fR = n \(en Skip \fIn\fP output blocks before writing X.br X \fBcount\fR = n \(en Copy only \fIn\fP input blocks X.br X \fBconv = lcase\fR \(en Convert upper case letters to lower case X.br X \fBconv = ucase\fR \(en Convert lower case letters to upper case X.br X \fBconv = swab\fR \(en Swap every pair of bytes X.br X \fBconv = noerror\fR \(en Ignore errors and just keep going X.HS XWhere sizes are expected, they are in bytes. XHowever, the letters \fBw\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBk\fR may be appended to the Xnumber to indicate words (2 bytes), blocks (512 bytes), or K X(1024 bytes), respectively. XWhen X.I dd Xis finished, it reports the number of full and partial blocks read and written. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - de sed '/^X/s///' > de << '/' X.CD "de \(en disk editor" X.SX "de\fR [\fB\(enw\fR] \fIblock_device" X.SX "de \(enr \fIfile X.FL "\(enr" "Recover a file that has been removed" X.FL "\(enw" "Enable writing, so device can be modified" X.EX "de \(enr /usr/ast/prog.c" "Undo the effects of: \fIrm /usr/ast/prog.c\fR" X.EX "de \(enw /dev/fd0" "Edit \fI/dev/fd0\fR for writing" X.PP X\fIDe\fR is a program for system administrators that allows disks to be Xinspected block by block. XA variety of display options and commands are available, as described in XChap. 9. XFor a summary, start the program and type \fIh\fR for help. XThe program can also restore files that have just been removed by \fIrm\fR, Xprovided that the i-node and blocks are still intact. XAnother feature is searching disks for ASCII strings, to help locate things Xafter a crash. XFinally, individual disk words can be changed, for example, the sizes of Xblock special files. X X X / echo x - df sed '/^X/s///' > df << '/' X.CD "df \(en report on free disk space and i-nodes" X.SX "df \fIspecial ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "df /dev/ram" "Report on free RAM disk space" X.EX "df /dev/fd0 /dev/fd1" "Report on diskette space" X.EX "df~~~" "Report on all mounted devices" X.PP XThe amount of disk space and number of i-nodes, both free and used is Xreported. XIf no argument is given, \fIdf\fR reports on the root device and all mounted Xfile systems. X X X / echo x - dhrystone sed '/^X/s///' > dhrystone << '/' X.CD "dhrystone \(en integer benchmark" X.SX "dhrystone" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "dhrystone" "Run the dhrystone benchmark" X.PP XMany years ago, a floating-point benchmark called \fIwhetstone\fR was Xpopular for benchmarking FORTRAN programs. XNowadays, an integer benchmark called \fIdhrystone\fR is widely used Xfor benchmarking UNIX systems. XThis is it. XBe warned, however, that \fIdhrystone\fR is entirely CPU bound, and Xgoes blindingly fast on machines with high-speed caches. XAlthough this is a good measure for programs that spend most of their Xtime in some inner loop, it is a poor benchmark for I/O bound applications. X X X / echo x - diff sed '/^X/s///' > diff << '/' X.CD "diff \(en print differences between two files" X.SX "diff \fR [\fB\(enc \fR|\fB \(ene \fR|\fB \(enC \fIn\fR\] [\fB\(enbr\fR]\fIfile1 file2\fR" X.FL "\(enC \In" "Produce output that contains \fIn\fR lines of context" X.FL "\(enb" "Ignore white space when comparing" X.FL "\(enc" "Produce output that contains three lines of context" X.FL "\(ene" "Produce an \fIed\fR-script to convert \fIfile1\fR into \fIfile2\fR" X.FL "\(enr" "Apply \fIdiff\fR recursively to files and directories of Xthe same name, when \fIfile1\fR and \fIfile2\fR are both directories" X.EX "diff file1 file2" "Print differences between 2 files" X.EX "diff -C 0 file1 file2" "Same as above" X.EX "diff -C 3 file1 file2" "Output three lines of context with every Xdifference encountered" X.EX "diff -c file1 file2" Same as above" X.EX "diff /etc /dev" "Compares recursively the directories \fI/etc\fR and \fI/dev\fR" X.EX "diff passwd /etc" "Compares \fI./passwd\fR to \fI/etc/passwd" X.PP X\fIDiff\fR compares two files and generates a list of lines telling how Xthe two files differ. Lines may not be longer than 128 characters. XIf the two arguments on the command line are both directories, X\fIdiff\fR recursively steps through all subdirectories comparing Xfiles of the same name. If a file name is found only in one directory, Xa diagnostic message is written to \fIstdout\fR. A file that is of Xeither block special, character special or FIFO special type, cannot Xbe compared to any other file. XOn the other hand, if there is one directory and one file given on the Xcommand line, \fIdiff\fR tries to compare the file with the same name Xas \fIfile\fR in the directory \fIdirectory\fR. X X X / echo x - dis88 sed '/^X/s///' > dis88 << '/' X.CD "dis88 \(en disassembler [IBM]" X.SX "dis88\fR [\fB\(eno\fR] \fIinfile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR]" X.FL "\(eno" "List the object code along with the assembly code" X.EX "dis88 a.out >listing" "Disassemble \fIa.out\fR" X.EX "dis88 \(eno a.out listing" "Ditto, but with object code" X.PP X\fIDis88\fR is an 8088 disassembler. XIt takes an executable file and prints the Xsymbolic assembly code that corresponds to it. If the executable file contains Xa symbol table (added by the program \fIast\fR), the symbol table Xinformation is used to give a more readable asembly listing. XMore information is provided in Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - diskcheck sed '/^X/s///' > diskcheck << '/' X.CD "diskcheck \(en check a disk for bad sectors" X.SX "diskcheck \fIdevice \fIstart \fIcount" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "diskcheck /dev/at0 0 1200" "Check 1.2 MB diskette" X.EX "diskcheck /dev/at0 100 50" "Check blocks 100 to 149" X.PP X\fIDiskcheck\fR checks a disk for bad sectors by reading in each sector, Xwriting a known bit pattern onto it, reading it back in and comparing with Xwhat was written. This check is then done a second time. Bad sectors are Xreported. After each sector is tested, the original sector is restored. XOnly use this program on unmounted partitions. XKilling it part way through may result in lost data. X X X / echo x - diskcopy sed '/^X/s///' > diskcopy << '/' X.CD "diskcopy \(en copy a disk with only one drive [AMIGA]" X.SX "diskcopy" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "diskcopy" "Copy a disk using the internal disk drive" X.PP XBefore using X.I diskcopy , Xuse X.I chmem Xto increase the stack+malloc area to as much as you can get away with. XIn the ideal case you should X.I chmem Xit to a little over 720K (say, 750000) so you do not have to swap Xdisks. XIn this way, the entire diskette will be read in at once and stored in Xmemory. XOnce you have inserted the destination disk, the whole thing will be Xwritten back in one fell swoop, eliminating the need to constantly Xshuffle diskettes. X X X / echo x - diskrtc sed '/^X/s///' > diskrtc << '/' X.CD "diskrtc \(en set date from a disk controller real time clock [ATARI]" X.SX "diskrtc [bms1] [bms2] [supra] [icd]" X.FL "bms1 \fRRead the clock from a bms 100 disk controller" X.FL "bms2 \fRRead the clock from a bms 200 disk controller" X.FL "supra \fRRead the clock from a supra disk controller" X.FL "icd \fRRead the clock from an icd disk controller" X.EY "diskrtc icd" "Read the date from an icd disk controller" X.PP X.I Diskrtc Xreads the current date and time from the clock supplied on a disk Xcontroller and sets the time accordingly. XThis program is usually called from X.I /etc/rc . X X X / echo x - diskset sed '/^X/s///' > diskset << '/' X.CD "diskset \(en set real time clock on disk controller [ATARI]" X.SX "diskset [bms1] [bms2]" X.FL "bms1 \fRSet the clock of a bms 100 disk controller" X.FL "bms2 \fRSet the clock of a bms 200 disk controller" X.EY "diskset bms1" "Set the clock of a bms 100 disk controller" X.PP X.I Diskset Xinitializes the clock on a bms 100 or 200 diskcontroller with X.MX 's Xidea of the current date and time. X X X / echo x - dosdir sed '/^X/s///' > dosdir << '/' X.CD "dosdir \(en list an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 directory [IBM]" X.SX "dosdir\fR [\fB\(enlr\fR] \fIdrive" X.FL "\(enl" "Long listing" X.FL "\(enr" "Recursively descend and print subdirectories" X.EX "dosdir \(enl A" "List root directory on drive A" X.EX "dosdir \(enr C x/y" "Recursively list directory \fIx/y\fR" X.PP X.I Dosdir Xreads standard IBM PC diskettes or hard disk partitions in X\s-2MS-DOS\s+2 format and lists their contents on standard output. XDirectory names should contain slashes to separate components, even though X\s-2MS-DOS\s+2 uses backslashes. XThe names X.I dosdir , X.I dosread , Xand X.I doswrite Xare all links to the same program. XThe program sees which function to perform by seeing how it was called. XA drive code of X.I A Xcauses the program to use \fI/dev/dosA\fR, for example, Xa link to \fI/dev/fd0\fR. XSimilarly, to have hard disk partition 1 be DOS drive C, \fI/dev/dosC\fR Xcould be a link to \fI/dev/hd1\fR, and so on for other drive codes. X X X / echo x - dosread sed '/^X/s///' > dosread << '/' X.CD "dosread \(en read a file from an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 diskette [IBM]" X.SX "dosread\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIdrive \fIfile" X.FL "\(ena" "ASCII file" X.EX "dosread C g/adv >adv" "Read file \fIg/adv\fR from hard disk" X.EX "dosread \(ena A prog.c >x" "Read ASCII file \fIprog.c\fR from drive A" X.PP X.I Dosread Xreads one \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 file and writes it on standard output. XThe file name must use slash, not backslash as a separator. XASCII files have the final CTRL-Z stripped, and carriage return plus Xline feed are mapped to line feed only, the usual X.MX Xconvention. XA drive code of X.I A Xcauses the program to use \fI/dev/dosA\fR, typically a link to \fI/dev/fd0\fR. XSimilarly, to have hard disk partition 1 be DOS drive C, \fI/dev/dosC\fR Xshould be a link to \fI/dev/hd1\fR, and so on for other drive codes. X X X / echo x - doswrite sed '/^X/s///' > doswrite << '/' X.CD "doswrite \(en write a file onto an \s-2MS-DOS\s+2 diskette [IBM]" X.SX "doswrite\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIdrive \fIfile" X.FL "\(ena" "ASCII file" X.EX "doswrite A x/y du << '/' X.CD "du \(en print disk usage" X.SX "du\fR [\fB\(enas\fR]\fR [\fB\(enl \fIn\fR] \fIdir\fR ..." X.FL "\(ena" "Give usage for all files" X.FL "\(enl" "List up to \fIn\fR levels of subdirectories" X.FL "\(ens" "Summary only" X.EX "du dir" "List disk space used by files in dir" X.EX "du \(ens dir1 dir2" "Give summaries only" X.PP X\fIDu\fR examines one or more directories and prints the amount of space Xoccupied by the files in those directories and their subdirectories. X X X / echo x - echo sed '/^X/s///' > echo << '/' X.CD "echo \(en print the arguments" X.SX "echo\fR [\fB\(enn\fR] \fIargument\fR ..." X.FL "\(enn" "No line feed is output when done" X.EX "echo Start Phase 1" "\*(OQStart Phase 1\*(CQ is printed" X.EX "echo \(enn Hello" "\*(OQHello\*(CQ is printed without a line feed" X.PP X.I Echo Xwrites its arguments to standard output. XThey are separated by blanks and terminated with a line feed unless X.B \(enn Xis present. XThis command is used mostly in shell scripts. X X X / echo x - ed sed '/^X/s///' > ed << '/' X.CD "ed \(en editor" X.SX "ed \fIfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "ed prog.c" "Edit \fIprog.c\fR" X.PP X\fIEd\fR is functionally equivalent to the standard V7 editor, ed. XIt supports the following commands: X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.5i 0.95i X (.) a: append X (.,.) c: change X (.,.) d: delete X e: edit new file" X f: print name of edited file" X (1,$) g: global command X (.) i: insert X (.,.+1) j: join lines together X (.) k: mark X (.) l: print with special characters in octal X (.,.) m: move X (.,.) p: print X q: quit editor" X (.) r: read in new file X (.,.) s: substitute X (1,$) v: like g, except select lines that do not match X (1,$) w: write out edited file X.fi X XMany of the commands can take one or two addresses, as indicated above. The Xdefaults are shown in parentheses. Thus \fIa\fR appends to the current Xline, and \fIg\fR works on the whole file as default. XThe dot refers to the current line. XBelow is a sample editing session with comments given following the # symbol. X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.5i 2.5i X ed prog.c # Edit prog.c X 3,20p # Print lines 3 through 20 X /whole/ # Find next occurence of \fIwhole\fR X s/whole/while/ # Replace \fIwhole\fR by \fIwhile\fR X g/Buf/s//BUF/g # Replace \fIBuf\fR by \fIBUF\fR everywhere X w # Write the file back X q # Exit the editor X.fi X\fIEd\fR is provided for its sentimental value. XIf you want a line-oriented editor, try \fIex\fR. XIf you want a good editor, use \fIelle\fR, \fIelvis\fR, or \fImined\fR. X X X / echo x - eject sed '/^X/s///' > eject << '/' X.CD "eject \(en eject a diskette from a drive [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "eject [\fIdrive\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "eject" "Eject the diskette in drive 0" X.EX "eject 2" "Eject the diskette in drive 2" X.PP X.I Eject Xwill eject the diskette from the specified drive (or drive 0 if no Xdrive is specified). X X X / echo x - elle sed '/^X/s///' > elle << '/' X.CD "elle \(en ELLE Looks Like Emacs" X.SX "elle \fIfile\fR [\fIfile2\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "elle file.c" "Start the editor" X.PP X\fIElle\fR is a screen-oriented editor that is patterned after Emacs. XIt can edit multiple files, regardless of their length, Xcan support 1 or 2 windows, and has many other powerful features. XAn \fIelle\fR manual is given in Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - elvis sed '/^X/s///' > elvis << '/' X.CD "elvis \(en clone of the Berkeley vi editor" X.SX "elvis \fR[\fB\(enRerv\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItag\fR] \fR[\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enR" "Set the read-only option" X.FL "\(ene" "Start up emulating \fIex\fR" X.FL "\(enr" "Tell the user to use \fIvirecover\fR instead X.FL "\(ent" "Start editing at the given tag" X.FL "\(env" "Start up emulating \fIvi\fR" X.EX "elvis" "Call the editor" X.EX "elvis prog.c" "edit \fIprog.c\fR" X.PP X\fIElvis\fR is a screen editor patterned very closely after the Berkeley X\fIvi\fR editor. XIt has many commands, described in Chap. 9. XSee also \fIctags\fR, \fIex\fR, \fIref\fR, and \fIvirecover\fR. X X X / echo x - ex sed '/^X/s///' > ex << '/' X.CD "ex \(en Berkeley line editor" X.SX "ex \fR[\fB\(enRerv\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItag\fR] \fR[\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enR" "Set the readonly option" X.FL "\(ene" "Start up emulating \fIex\fR" X.FL "\(enr" "Tell the user to use \fIvirecover\fR instead X.FL "\(ent" "Tagstart editing at the given tag" X.FL "\(env" "Start up emulating \fIvi\fR" X.EX "ex" "Call the editor" X.EX "ex prog.c" "edit \fIprog.c\fR" X.PP X\fIEx\fR is a line editor patterned very closely after the Berkeley Xprogram of the same name. XIt is essentially a much improved version of \fIed\fR. XActually, \fIex\fR is really just a link to \fIelvis\fR, which is a X\fIvi\fR clone. XIts commands are described in Chap. 9. XSee also \fIctags\fR, \fIelvis\fR, \fIref\fR, and \fIvirecover\fR. X X X / echo x - expand sed '/^X/s///' > expand << '/' X.CD "expand \(en convert tabs to spaces" X.SX "expand\fR [\fB\(en\fIt1,t2, ...\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] X.FL "\(en\fIt\fR" "Tab stop positions" X.EY "expand \(en16,32,48,64" "Expand \fIstdin\fR with tabs every 16 columns" X.PP X\fIExpand\fR replaces tabs in the named files with the equivalent numbers Xof spaces. If no files are listed, \fIstdin\fR is given. If only one Xtab is given, the rest are multiples of it. The default is a tab every 8 Xspaces. X X X / echo x - expr sed '/^X/s///' > expr << '/' X.CD "expr \(en evaluate experession" X.SX "expr \fIarg ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "x=\`expr \$x + 1\`" "Add 1 to shell variable x" X.PP X\fIExpr\fR computes the value of its argument and writes the result on Xstandard output. The valid operators, in order of increasing precedence, Xare listed below. Operators grouped by {...} have the same precedence. XThe operators are: |, &, {<, <=, ==, !=, >=, >}, {+, \(en}, *, /, %, and :. XParentheses are permitted. X X X / echo x - factor sed '/^X/s///' > factor << '/' X.CD "factor \(en factor an integer less than 2**31" X.SX "factor \fInumber" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "factor 450180" "Print the prime factors of 450180" X.PP X\fIFactor\fR prints the prime factors of its argument in increasing order. XEach factor is printed as many times as it appears in the number. X X X / echo x - fdisk sed '/^X/s///' > fdisk << '/' X.CD "fdisk \(en partition a hard disk [IBM]" X.SX "fdisk\fR [\fB\(enh\fIm\fR]\fR [\fB\(ens\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fB\(enh" "Number of disk heads is \fIm\fR" X.FL "\fB\(ens" "Number of sectors per track is \fIn\fR" X.EX "fdisk /dev/hd0" "Examine disk partitions" X.EX "fdisk \(enh9 /dev/hd0" "Examine disk with 9 heads" X.PP XWhen \fIfdisk\fR starts up, it reads in the partition table and displays Xit. XIt then presents a menu to allow the user to modify partitions, store the Xpartition table on a file, or load it from a file. Partitions can be marked Xas X.MX , XDOS or other, as well as active or not. XUsing \fIfdisk\fR is self-explanatory. XHowever, be aware that Xrepartitioning a disk will cause information on it to be lost. XRebooting the system \fIimmediately\fR Xis mandatory after changing partition sizes and parameters. X.MX , X\&\s-2XENIX\s0, \s-2PC-IX\s0, and \s-2MS-DOS\s0 all have different Xpartition numbering schemes. XThus when using multiple systems on the same disk, be careful. X.PP XFurthermore, X.MX Xexpects all partitions to begin on an even sector. The \fIm\fR command, which Xmarks a partition as X.MX , Xautomatically rounds odd partitions upward. XThe reason that odd partition sizes do not cause a problem with X\s-2MS-DOS\s0 is that \s-2MS-DOS\s0 allocates disk space in units of X512-byte sectors, whereas X.MX Xuses 1K blocks. XThus an odd number of sectors is no problem for X\s-2MS-DOS\s0 but it is a problem for X.MX . XThat is why a command has been provided to round X.MX Xpartitions to an even starting address and an even size. XIf your disk has partitions for both \s-2MS-DOS\s0 and X.MX , Xonly the X.MX Xones should be rounded off. X\fIFdisk\fR has a variety of other features that can be seen by typing \fIh\fR. X X X / echo x - fgrep sed '/^X/s///' > fgrep << '/' X.CD "fgrep \(en fast grep" X.SX "fgrep\fR [\fB\(encfhlnsv\fR]\fR [\fIstring_file\fR] [\fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enc" "Count matching lines and only print count, not the lines" X.FL "\(enf" "Take strings from file named in following argument" X.FL "\(enh" "Omit file headers from printout" X.FL "\(enl" "List file names once only" X.FL "\(enn" "Each line is preceded by its line number" X.FL "\(ens" "Status only, no output" X.FL "\(env" "Print only lines not matching" X.EX "fgrep % prog.c" "Print lines containing % sign" X.EX "fgrep \(enf pattern prog.c" "Take strings from \fIpattern\fR" X.PP X\fIFgrep\fR is essentially the same as grep, except that it only searches Xfor lines containing literal strings (no wildcard characters), and it is much Xfaster. X X X / echo x - file sed '/^X/s///' > file << '/' X.CD "file \(en make a guess as to a file's type based on contents" X.SX "file \fIname ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "file a.out ar.h" "Guess at types" X.PP X\fIFile\fR reads the first block of a file and tries to make an Xintelligent guess about what kind of file it is. XIt understands about archives, C Xsource programs, executable binaries, shell scripts, and English text. X X X / echo x - find sed '/^X/s///' > find << '/' X.CD "find \(en find files meeting a given condition" X.SX "find \fIdirectory \fIexpression" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "find / \(enname a.out \(enprint~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" "Print all \fIa.out\fR paths" X.EX "find /usr/ast ! \(ennewer f \(enok rm {} \\\\\^;~~~~~~~~~~" "Ask before removing" X.EX "find /usr \(ensize +20 \(enexec mv {} /big \\\\\^;~~~~~" "move files > 20 blks" X.EX "find / \( \(enname a.out \(eno \(enname \(fm*.o\(fm \) \(enexec rm {}\\\\\^;" "2 conds" X.PP X\fIFind\fR descends the file tree starting at the given directory checking Xeach file in that directory and its subdirectories against a predicate. XIf the predicate is true, an action is taken. The predicates may be Xconnected by \fB\(ena\fR (Boolean and), \fB\(eno\fR (Boolean or) and ! X(Boolean negation). XEach predicate is true under the conditions specified below. The integer X\fIn\fR may also be +\fIn\fR to mean any value greater than \fIn\fR, X\fI\(enn\fR to mean any value less than X\fIn\fR, or just \fIn\fR for exactly \fIn\fR. X.HS X.ta 0.25i 1.0i X.nf X \(enname s true if current filename is \fIs\fR (include shell wild cards) X \(ensize n true if file size is \fIn\fR blocks X \(eninum n true if the current file's i-node number is \fIn\fR X \(enmtime n true if modification time relative to today (in days) is \fIn\fR X \(enlinks n true if the number of links to the file is \fIn\fR X \(ennewer f true if the file is newer than \fIf\fR X \(enperm n true if the file's permission bits = \fIn\fR (\fIn\fR is in octal) X \(enuser u true if the uid = \fIu\fR (a numerical value, not a login name) X \(engroup g true if the gid = \fIg\fR (a numerical value, not a group name) X \(entype x where \fIx\fR is \fBbcdfug\fR (block, char, dir, regular file, setuid, setgid) X \(enxdev do not cross devices to search mounted file systems X.fi X.HS XFollowing the expression can be one of the following, telling what to do Xwhen a file is found: X.HS X.nf X \(enprint print the file name on standard output X \(enexec execute a \s-2MINIX\s0 command, {} stands for the file name X \(enok prompts before executing the command X.fi X.HS X X X / echo x - fix sed '/^X/s///' > fix << '/' X.CD "fix \(en generate new file from old one and diff listing" X.SX "fix \fIoldfile \fIdifflist \fI>newfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "fix old difflist >new" "Generate new from old and diffs" X.PP X\fIFix\fR accepts a diff listing produced by diff and reconstructs the Xnew file. It is common for people to take a file, modify it, and then Xsend the diff listing between the old and new files to other people. XUsing \fIfix\fR, the old file, and the diff listing, it is possible to creat Xthe new file. For example: X.HS X diff oldfile newfile >difflist X fix oldfile difflist >new2 X.HS Xwill generate a file \fInew2\fR that is identical to \fInewfile\fR. XA more sophisticated alternative to \fIfix\fR is \fIpatch\fR, Xas \fIfix\fR only handles old-style diffs. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - fold sed '/^X/s///' > fold << '/' X.CD "fold \(en fold long lines" X.SX "fold\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "How long should the output lines be" X.EX "fold \(en60" "Fold \fIstdin\fR to 60 characters" X.EX "fold file" "Fold \fIfile\fP to 80 characters" X.PP X\fIFold\fR takes copies its input from the named file (or \fIstdin\fR, Xif none is specified) to standard output. XHowever, lines longer than the given maximum (default 80) are broken Xinto multiple lines of the maximum length by inserting new line characters. X X X / echo x - format sed '/^X/s///' > format << '/' X.CD "format - format a diskette [IBM]" X.SX "format [\fB\(ena\fR][\fB\(enq\fR][\fISpecial\fR [\fIkbsize\fR]] [\fB\(env [\fBdosvollabel\fR]\fR]" X.FL "\(ena" " Sort interactive list alphabetically not by size" X.FL "\(enq" "Quiet mode: skips asking if you are sure" X.FL "\(env" "Volume label added along with DOS structures" X.EX "format" "Have \fIformat\fR display a menu" X.EX "format /dev/at0" "format disk in /dev/at0" X.EX "format /dev/at0 360" "Format disk with 360 blocks" X.EX "format /dev/dosA" "Format for DOS" X.EX "format /dev/fd1 -v DOS_DISK" "Format and label DOS disk" X.PP X\fIFormat\fR allows the superuser to format diskettes. XIt can format all seven non-automatic Xdisk/media combinations that PC-Minix supports. It will also try to Xformat automatics, minor devices 0 through 3, if a device size is nozero. X\fIFormat\fR will optionally add the structures \s-2MS-DOS\s0 needs if either the device Xname is an \s-2MS-DOS\s0 device, like \fI/dev/dosA\fR, or if the X\\fB\(env\fR flag is used. XIf no special file is specified in the command line \fIformat\fR will Xdisplay a menu of choices. XIt then allows automatic devices to be formatted even if Xthey were made with a size of zero. X\fIarning:\fR Some disk drives are media sensitive, in which case Xthe diskette must match the drive (e.g., no 360K diskettes in 1.2M drives). X X X X.CD "format \(en format a diskette [ATARI]" X.SX "format \fIdevice\fR" X.EY "format /dev/dd0" "Format a double sided diskette" X.PP X.I Format Xformats and verifies a diskette on the given device. XDepending on the device specified the disk is formatted single or Xdouble sided. Formatted disks always contain 80 tracks and 9 sectors Xper track. The diskettess can be used under both X.MX Xand TOS. X X X / echo x - fortune sed '/^X/s///' > fortune << '/' X.CD "fortune \(en print a fortune" X.SX "fortune" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "fortune" "Print a fortune" X.PP X\fIFortune\fR prints a fortune at random from the fortunes file, X\fI/usr/lib/fortune.dat\fR. This file consists of pieces Xof text separated by a line containing only %%. X X X / echo x - from sed '/^X/s///' > from << '/' X.CD "from \(en input half of a connection [IBM]" X.SX "from \fIport" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "from port | sort >x" "Fetch and sort an incoming file" X.EX "from abc | sh" "Primitive sherver" X.PP X\fITo\fR and \fIfrom\fR are used together to provide connection-oriented service over an Ethernet. XOn the sending machine, the last member of a pipeline is \fIto port\fR. XOn the Xreceiving machine, the first member of a pipe line is \fIfrom port\fR. XThe net Xresult is that the output of the sending pipeline goes into the input of the Xreceiving pipeline, making pipelines work across the network. XSee also \fIto\fR. X X X / echo x - fsck sed '/^X/s///' > fsck << '/' X.CD "fsck \(en perform file system consistency check" X.SX "fsck\fR [\fB\(enaclmrs\fR]\fR [\fIdevice\fR] ..." X.FL "\(ena" "Automatically repair inconsistencies" X.FL "\(enc" "Check and list only the specified i-nodes X.FL "\(enl" "List the files and directories in the filesytem X.FL "\(enr" "Prompt user for repairs if inconsistencies are found X.FL "\(ens" "List the superblock of the file system" X.EX "fsck /dev/hd4" "Check file system on \fI/dev/hd4\fR" X.EX "fsck \(ena /dev/at0" "Automatically fix errors on \fI/dev/at0\fR" X.EX "fsck \(enl /dev/fd0" "List the contents of \fI/dev/fd0\fR" X.EX "fsck \(enc 2 3 /dev/hd3" "Check and list \fI/dev/hd3\fR i-nodes 2 & 3" X.PP X\fIFsck\fR performs consistency checks on the file systems which reside Xon the specified devices. XWhen either the \fB\(ena\fR or \fB\(enr\fR flags are given, the file system Xwill be repaired if errors are found. XBefore running \fIfsck\fR on a mounted file system, it must first be unmounted. XTrying to repair a mounted file system is dangerous and should not be Xattempted. X.PP XTo repair the root file system (which cannot be unmounted), first Xhit the F1 key to find the pid of the \fI/etc/update\fR process. XThen become superuser and send \fIupdate\fR signal 9 using \fIkill\fR. XAfter doing this, hit F1 again to verify that \fI/etc/update\fR has vanished. XNext run \fIfsck\fR and then immediately reboot Xthe computer, WITHOUT doing a \fIsync\fR. X.PP XThis is the only situation in which you can (in fact, must) reboot without Xdoing a \fIsync\fR. XRebooting is needed because \fIfsck\fR repairs the disk but does not affect Xthe (possibly incorrect) information held in memory. XDoing a \fIsync\fR would force the (possibly incorrect) information from Xmemory back onto the disk, thus ruining the work done by \fIfsck\fR. XBy rebooting immediately, memory is reloaded with correct information from the Xdisk. XIt is necessary to kill \fI/etc/update\fR before repairing the root file system Xto prevent it from issuing \fIsync\fR calls while \fIfsck\fR is running. XBecause \fI/etc/update\fR only affects mounted file systems (and the root), Xwhen repairing a nonroot file system, unmounting it is sufficient; it is not Xnecessary to kill \fI/etc/update\fR. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - gather sed '/^X/s///' > gather << '/' X.CD "gather \(en gather up the files in a directory for transmission" X.SX "gather\fR [\fB\(ens\fR] \fIsource_dir [\fB\(end\fR] dest_dir\fR [\fB\(enb\fR] \fIbytes\fR [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR X.FL "\(enb" "Desired number of bytes per output file" X.FL "\(end" "Destination directory" X.FL "\(enf" "Base name of output files" X.FL "\(ens" "Source directory" X.EX "gather" "Collect files in current dir into 60K archives" X.EX "gather \(end dir" "Put the archives in \fIdir\fR X.EX "gather \(enb 90000" "Try to produce 90K archives" X.EX "gather \(ens .. \(end targ \(enb 5000" "Try to produce 5K archives" X.PP XIt is often useful to collect all the files in a directory into one or Xmore archives for transmission by mail. This program collects all the Xfiles in the source directory (default: current directory) and puts Xthem into a shar archive. The shar archive is then compressed and Xuuencoded. An attempt is made to have the final \fI.uue\fR file be Xabout the given size (default: 60K), but since \fIgather\fR cannot really Xpredict how much \fIshar\fR will add to the file, how much \fIcompress\fR Xwill reduce the file, and how much \fIuue\fR will add again, the sizes Xcan fluctuate. If the \fB\(enf \fIfile\fR flag is given, the archives will Xbe given the names \fIfile_00.uue\fR, \fIfile_01.uue\fR etc. If \fB\(enf\fR Xis not given, the name of the source directory is used as the base name. XSince 7 characters of suffix are appended, the base name should not exceed X7 characters. X X X X.SP -0.5 / echo x - getlf sed '/^X/s///' > getlf << '/' X.CD "getlf \(en wait until a line has been typed" X.SX "getlf\fR [\fIargument\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "getlf" "Wait for a line" X.PP XIn shell scripts it is sometimes necessary to pause to give the user a Xchance to perform some action, such as inserting a diskette. XThis command prints its argument, if any, Xand then waits until a carriage return has been typed, at which Xtime it terminates. XIt is used in X.I /etc/rc . X.SP -0.5 X X / echo x - getty sed '/^X/s///' > getty << '/' X.CD "getty \(en get terminal line parameters for login" X.SX "getty\fI line \fR[\fB\(enc \fIfile\fR] [\fB\(enh\fR] [\fB\(enk\fR] [\fB\(ent\fR] [\fIspeed\fR] X.FL "\(enc" "Use \fIfname\fR as \fIgettydefs\fR file" X.FL "\(enh" "Do not hang up the phone after reset" X.FL "\(enk" "Do not use speed selection" X.FL "\(ent" "Do not time out at \fILogin:\fR prompt" X.EY "/etc/getty /dev/tty1 1200" "Connect to \fItty1 at 1200 baud\fR" X.PP XThe \fIgetty\fR program allows a terminal port to be used for both dialin and Xdialout. It also detects the speed used, and, if enabled, it sets the Xvarious line discipline parameters. XWhen \fIgetty\fR starts up, it searches through the \fI/etc/gettydefs\fR Xfile until it finds an entry that matches the label as specified in the X\fIspeed\fR parameter. XIf no paramater is present, the first entry is used. \fIGetty\fR Xthen sets up the terminal line according to the initial parameters Xfield found in \fIgettydefs\fR. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - grep sed '/^X/s///' > grep << '/' X.CD "grep \(en search a file for lines containing a given pattern" X.SX "grep\fR [\fB\(enelnsv\fR] \fIpattern\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(ene" "\fB\(ene \fIpattern\fR is the same as \fIpattern\fP X.FL "\(enl" "Do not print line numbers" X.FL "\(enn" "Print line numbers" X.FL "\(ens" "Status only, no printed output" X.FL "\(env" "Select lines that do not match" X.EX "grep mouse file " "Find lines in \fIfile\fP containing \fImouse\fP" X.EX "grep [0\(en9] file" "Print lines containing a digit" X.PP X.I Grep Xsearches one or more files (by default, \fIstdin\fR) and selects out Xall the lines that match the pattern. XAll the regular expressions accepted by X.I ed Xand X.I mined Xare allowed. XIn addition, + can be used instead of \(** to mean 1 or more occurrences, X? can be used to mean 0 or 1 occurrences, and X| can be used between two regular expressions to mean either Xone of them. XParentheses can be used for grouping. XIf a match is found, exit status 0 is returned. XIf no match is found, exit status 1 is returned. XIf an error is detected, exit status 2 is returned. X X X / echo x - gres sed '/^X/s///' > gres << '/' X.CD "gres \(en grep and substitute" X.SX "gres\fR [\fB\(eng\fR] \fIpattern \fIstring\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(eng" "Only change the first occurrence per line" X.EX "gres bug insect" "Replace \fIbug\fP with \fIinsect\fP" X.EX "gres \*(SQ^[A\(enZ]+$\*(SQ CAPS" "Replace capital-only lines with \fICAPS\fP" X.PP X.I Gres Xis a poor man's X.I sed . XIt looks for the same patterns as X.I grep , Xand replaces each one by the given string. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - hdclose sed '/^X/s///' > hdclose << '/' X.CD "hdclose \(en close hard disk partition [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "hdclose \fIdevice\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "hdclose /dev/hd3" "Disconnect \fIhd3\fR from its current Macintosh file" X.PP X.I Hdclose Xwill disconnect the current Macintosh file from the given hard disk Xpartition. See also \fIhdopen\fR. You \fBmust\fR unmount the file system X\fBbefore\fR you close it. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - hdopen sed '/^X/s///' > hdopen << '/' X.CD "hdopen \(en set correspondence of a HD partition [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "hdopen \fIvol:dir:file\fR \fIdevice\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "hdopen vol:dir:file /dev/hd3" "Set \fIhd3\fR to Macintosh file \fIfile\fR" X.PP X.I Hdopen Xwill set up a correspondence between the given Macintosh file and Xa X.MX Xhard disk partition. On the Macintosh, X.MX Xhard disk partitions are nothing more than a standard Macintosh file. XThis program will set the given hard disk partition to the given file. XIf a file is already associated with that partition, you must first use X\fIhdclose\fR. X X X / echo x - head sed '/^X/s///' > head << '/' X.CD "head \(en print the first few lines of a file" X.SX "head\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "How many lines to print" X.EX "head \(en6" "Print first 6 lines of \fIstdin\fR" X.EX "head \(en1 file1 file2" "Print first line of two files" X.PP XThe first few lines of one or more files are printed. XThe default count is 10 lines. XThe default file is \fIstdin\fR. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - ic sed '/^X/s///' > ic << '/' X.CD "ic \(en integer calculator" X.SX "ic\fR [\fIexpression\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "ic~~~~" "Start the calculator" X.EX "ic 250 300+" "Start calculator with 550 on the stack" X.PP X\fIIc\fR is a reverse Polish notation calculator that works on 32-bit integers. XIt starts out by computing the expression given as an argument, if any, and Xthen expects keyboard input. As an example, to compute \*(OQ23+5\*(CQ one Xfirst converts this to reverse Polish, \*(OQ23 5+\*(CQ. XAfter the calculator starts, type \*(OQ23\*(CQ followed by a carriage return. XThen type \*(OQ5\*(CQ and another carriage return. XFinally type \*(OQ+\*(CQ to see the result, 28 displayed on the stack. XOther operations work the same way. The calculator can use other radices for Xinput and output, and has registers that can be stored and loaded. The \fIh\fR Xcommand gives the help menu. See also Chap. 9. X X X X.SP 0.4 / echo x - id sed '/^X/s///' > id << '/' X.CD "id \(en print the uid and gid" X.SX "id" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "id" "Print the uid and gid" X.PP X\fIId\fR prints the current uid and gid, both numerically and symbolically. XIf the effective uid and gid are different from the real ones, all of them Xare printed. X X X X.SP 0.4 / echo x - ifdef sed '/^X/s///' > ifdef << '/' X.CD "ifdef \(en remove #ifdefs from a file" X.SX "ifdef \fR[\fB\(ent\fR] [\fB\(end\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enD\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enU\fIsymbol\fR] [\fB\(enI\fIsymbol\fR] [file]" X.FL "\(enD" "Define symbol permanently" X.FL "\(enI" "Ignore symbol" X.FL "\(enU" "Undefine symbol permanently" X.FL "\(end" "Define symbol. It may be #undef'ed later" X.FL "\(ent" "Produce a table of the symbols on \fIstdout\fR" X.EX "ifdef \(enDUNIX file.c >newfile.c" "Define \fIUNIX\fR" X.EX "ifdef \(enD_MINIX \(enUDOS y.c "Define \fI_MINIX\fR, undefine \fIDOS\fR" X.PP X\fIIfdef\fR Xallows conditional code [ #ifdef ... #endif ] Xto be selectively removed from C files, but at the same time leaving Xall other C preprocessor commands intact such as #define, #include etc. XInput to X.I ifdef Xis either the file named as the last argument, or \fIstdin\fR if no file Xis named. XOutput goes to \fIstdout\fR. X.PP XSymbols may be defined with the \fB\(end\fR or \fB\(enD\fR flags just like X\fIcpp\fR, except that the latter option ignores subsequent \fI#undefs\fR. XIt is not permitted to give values to symbols. XSimilarly, \fB\(enU\fR undefines a symbol and ignores subsequent X\fI#defines\fRs. XSymbols defined with \fB\(enI\fR are ignored; any \fI#ifdef\fR using an Xignored symbol will be left intact. X X X / echo x - indent sed '/^X/s///' > indent << '/' X.CD "indent \(en reformat the layout of a program" X.SX "indent \fIin_file\fR [\fIout_file\fR] [\fIoptions\fR] X.FL "\fR(many)" X.EX "indent \(enbr \(enc25 prog.c " "Indent \fIprog.c\fR X.EX "indent \(ennpcs prog.c newprog.c" "Put output on \fInewprog.c" X.PP X\fIIndent\fR reformats a C program according to a set of options provided. XMost of the common choices are available. XThe output file replaces the input file, unless an explicit output file Xis specified (but a backup is made of the original with suffix \fI.BAK\fR). XThe options are given in Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - inodes sed '/^X/s///' > inodes << '/' X.CD "inodes \(en print i-node information" X.SX "inodes" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "inodes" "Print information about file names typed in" X.EX "cd /dev; ls | inodes" "Print information about the special files" X.PP X\fIInodes\fR expects a list of file names on \fIstdin\fR, one file name Xper line. XFor each file named, the file type, mode, uid, gid, checksum, length, Xand name is printed. XThe checksum is the same as used by \fIcrc\fR. XThis program provides a way to see the sizes of the block special Xfiles in \fI/dev\fR, as shown in the second example above. X X X / echo x - kermit sed '/^X/s///' > kermit << '/' X.CD "kermit \(en transfer a file using the kermit protocol" X.SX "kermit" X.FL "\fR(many)" X.EY "kermit" "Start kermit" X.PP X\fIKermit\fR is a file transfer program, remote connection program, and Xmuch more. XEven summarizing it here would be out of the question. XFor a description of it, see the 379 page book X\fIKermit: A File Transfer Protocol\fR Xby Frank da Cruz, Digital Press, 1987, ISBN 0-932376-88-6, and also XChap. 9. X X X / echo x - kill sed '/^X/s///' > kill << '/' X.CD "kill \(en send a signal to a process" X.SX "kill\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIprocess" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "Signal number to send" X.EX "kill 35" "Send signal 15 to process 35" X.EX "kill \(en9 40" "Send signal 9 to process 40" X.EX "kill \(en2 0" "Send signal 2 to whole process group" X.PP XA signal is sent to a given process. XBy default signal 15 (SIGTERM) is sent. XProcess 0 means all the processes in the sender's process group. X X X / echo x - last sed '/^X/s///' > last << '/' X.CD "last \(en display recent on-line session records" X.SX "last\fR [\fB\(enf \fIfile\fR]\fR [\fB\(enr\fR] [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] [\fIname\fR] [\fItty\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enf" "Use \fIfile\fR instead of /usr/adm/wtmp" X.FL "\(enr" "Search backwards only to last reboot" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fP" "Print a maximum of \fIn\fR lines" X.EX "last reboot" "When was the system last rebooted?" X.EX "last ast" "When was the last login for ast?" X.EX "last \(en10 tty0 tty1" "Display last 10 logins on tty0 or tty1" X.PP X.I Last XSearches backward through the login administration file (default is X\fI/usr/adm/wtmp\fR), printing information about previous logins and Xreboots. XDuring a long search, the SIGQUIT signal (CTRL-\\) causes \fIlast\fR to Xdisplay how far back it has gone; it then continues. X X X / echo x - leave sed '/^X/s///' > leave << '/' X.CD "leave \(en warn when it is time to go home" X.SX "leave\fR [\fR [\fB+\fR] \fIhh\fR[\fB:\fR]\fImm\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "leave 1500" "Issue a warning at 2:55 p.m." X.EX "leave 10:00" "Issue a warning at 9:55 a.m." X.EX "leave + 30" "Issue a warning in 25 minutes" X.PP X\fILeave\fR sets an alarm clock to a specified time and issues a warning X5 minutes before, 1 minute before, and at the time to leave. XIt then keeps issuing warnings every minute for 10 minutes, then quits. XIf no time is provided, the program prompts for one. X X X X.SP -0.5 / echo x - libpack sed '/^X/s///' > libpack << '/' X.CD "libpack \(en pack an ASCII assembly code file [IBM]" X.SX "libpack" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "libpack y.s" "Pack \fIx.s\fP" X.PP XThis program is a filter that reads an ASCII assembly code file from standard Xinput and writes the corresponding packed file on standard output. XThe compiler libraries are archives of packed assembly code files. X.SP -0.5 X X X / echo x - libupack sed '/^X/s///' > libupack << '/' X.CD "libupack \(en convert a packed assembly code file to ASCII [IBM]" X.SX "libupack" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "libupack x.s" "Unpack \fIy.s\fP" X.PP XThis program is a filter that reads a packed assembly code file Xfrom \fIstdin\fR and writes the corresponding ASCII file on standard output. X X X / echo x - ln sed '/^X/s///' > ln << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "ln \(en create a link to a file" X.SX "ln [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR [\fIname\fR] X.SX "ln [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIfile\fR ... \fIdir\fR X.FL "\(enf" "Remove existing links" X.EX "ln file newname" "Make \fInewname\fP a synonym for \fIfile\fP" X.EX "ln /usr/games/chess" "Create a link called \fIchess\fP" X.PP XA directory entry is created for X.I name . XThe entry points to X.I file . XHenceforth, X.I name Xand X.I file Xcan be used interchangeably. XIf X.I name Xis not supplied, the last component of X.I file Xis used as the link name. XIf more than one X.I file Xis supplied or the X.I name Xrefers to an existing directory, links will be created in that directory. XAn existing X.I name Xwill not be removed unless the \fB\(enf\fR flag is specified. X X X / echo x - login sed '/^X/s///' > login << '/' X.CD "login \(en log into the computer" X.SX "login\fR [\fIuser\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "login ast" "Login as ast" X.PP X\fILogin\fR allows a logged in user to login as someone else without first Xlogging out. XIf a password is needed, \fIlogin\fR will prompt for it. X X X X.SP 1.6 / echo x - look sed '/^X/s///' > look << '/' X.CD "look \(en look up words in dictionary" X.SX "look\fR [\fB\(enf\fR] \fIprefix\fR[\fB/\fIsuffix\fR]\fR [\fIdictionary\fR]" X.FL "\(enf" "Fold upper case letters to lower case" X.EX "look ard" "Print words starting with \fIard\fR" X.EX "look /bing" "Print words ending with \fIbing\fR" X.EX "look \(enf f/ar" "Print words starting with \fIf\fR, ending with \fIar\fR" X.PP X\fILook\fR takes a prefix and/or suffix and searches \fI/usr/lib/dictionary\fR Xor the specified dictionary for all words with that match. XThe words are printed. XThe \fB\(enf\fR flag causes all upper case letters to be treated as lower Xcase. X X X X.SP 1.6 / echo x - lorder sed '/^X/s///' > lorder << '/' X.CD "lorder \(en compute the order for library modules [IBM]" X.SX "lorder \fIfile ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "lorder proc1.s proc2.s" "Give \fIlorder\fR information" X.PP X\fILorder\fR accepts a series of packed or unpacked \fI.s\fR files and Xlibraries, and produces a partial ordering suitable for processing by X\fItsort\fR. X X X / echo x - lpr sed '/^X/s///' > lpr << '/' X.CD "lpr \(en copy a file to the line printer" X.SX "lpr\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "lpr file &" "Print \fIfile\fP on the line printer" X.EX "pr file | lpr &" "Print \fIstdin\fR (\fIpr\fR's output)" X.PP XEach argument is interpreted as a file to be printed. X.I Lpr Xcopies each file to X.I /dev/lp , Xwithout spooling. XIt inserts carriage returns and expands tabs. XOnly one X.I lpr Xat a time may be running. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - ls sed '/^X/s///' > ls << '/' X.CD "ls \(en list the contents of a directory" X.SX "ls\fR [\fB\(enabcdfgilmnopqrstux01ACFLRS\fR]\fR [\fIname\fR] ... X.FL "\(enA" "All entries are listed, except \fI.\fR and \fI..\fR" X.FL "\(enC" "Multicolumn listing with entries sorted down the page" X.FL "\(enF" "Put /, | and * after directories, fifos and executables" X.FL "\(enL" "Print information about symbolic links" X.FL "\(enR" "Recursively list subdirectories" X.FL "\(enS" "Squeeze column widths in multicolumn listings" X.FL "\(ena" "List all entries including those starting with \fI.\fR" X.FL "\(enb" "Print non-graphic characters in octal \\ddd notation" X.FL "\(enc" "Use the status change time instead of modification time" X.FL "\(end" "Do not list contents of directories" X.FL "\(enf" "List argument as unsorted directory" X.FL "\(eng" "As for \(enl, but print the group only" X.FL "\(eni" "I-node number printed in first column" X.FL "\(enl" "Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time" X.FL "\(enm" "Stream output format" X.FL "\(enn" "As for \(enl, but print numeric uid and gid" X.FL "\(eno" "As for \(enl, but print the owner only" X.FL "\(enp" "Put / after directory names" X.FL "\(enq" "Print ? in place of non-graphic characters" X.FL "\(enr" "Reverse the sort order" X.FL "\(ens" "Print the size in 512 byte units" X.FL "\(ent" "Sort by time, latest first" X.FL "\(enu" "Use last usage time instead of modification time" X.FL "\(enx" "Multicolumn listing with entries sorted across the page" X.FL "\(en0" "Reset all options" X.FL "\(en1" "Print one entry per line (default)" X.EX "ls \(enl~~" "List files in working directory" X.EX "ls \(enlis" "List with i-nodes and sizes" XFor each file argument, list it. XFor each directory argument, list its contents, unless \fB\(end\fR is present. XWhen no argument is present, the working directory is listed. / echo x - m4 sed '/^X/s///' > m4 << '/' X.CD "m4 \(en macro processor" X.SX "m4\fR [\fB\(enD \fIname\fR = \fIvalue\fR]\fR [\fB\(enU \fIname\fR] X.FL "\(enD" "Define a symbol" X.FL "\(enU" "Undefine a symbol" X.EY "m4 maccreate << '/' X.CD "maccreate \(en create an empty macintosh file [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "maccreate \fInblocks\fR \fIfile\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "maccreate 512 vol:dir:file" "Create a 512K file" X.PP X.I Maccreate Xwill create a Macintosh file that can serve as a X.MX Xdisk partition. Also see the descriptions of hdopen and hdclose. X X X / echo x - macfile sed '/^X/s///' > macfile << '/' X.CD "macfile \(en list, read and write Macintosh volumes [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "macfile\fR [\fB\(enRadlrw\fR] [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\(enR" "Recursively descend directories when listing them" X.FL "\(ena" "Read or write ASCII file" X.FL "\(end" "Directory list" X.FL "\(enl" "Use long format for directory listing" X.FL "\(enr" "Read a \s-2Macintosh\s0 file into \s-2MINIX\s0" X.FL "\(enw" "Write a \s-2MINIX\s0" file to a \s-2Macintosh\s0 volume" X.EX "macfile \(endl" "List mounted volumes" X.EX "macfile \(endl vol:dir" "Long listing of the specified directory" X.EX "macfile \(enr dir:file >adv" "Read file \fIfile\fR into adv" X.EX "macfile \(enwa f" "Copy ASCII \fIstdin\fR to file \fIf\fR" X.PP X.I Macfile Xuses the Macintosh ROM to transfer files between the Xnormal Macintosh operating system and \s-2MINIX\s0. XIt can list volumes, directories and read and write files. XWhen the ASCII flag is specified, the X.MX Xnew line character is mapped onto Xthe Macintosh line feed character. X.I Macfile Xmay be linked to X.I macdir , X.I macread Xand X.I macwrite , Xin which case the \fB\(end\fR, \fB\(enr\fR, and \fB\(enw\fR flags are not Xneeded. X X X X.SP -0.5 / echo x - macread sed '/^X/s///' > macread << '/' X.CD "macread \(en read a Macintosh file [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "macread\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIfile\fR" X.EX "macread dir:file >adv" "Copy file \fIfile\fR into adv" X.EX "macread \(ena dir:file >adv" "Copy ascii file \fIfile\fR onto stdout" X.FL "\(ena" "Read an ASCII file" X.PP X.I Macread Xuses the Macintosh ROM to copy a XMacintosh operating system file to standard output. XWhen the ASCII flag is specified, the XMacintosh line feed character Xis mapped onto Xthe X.MX Xnew line character. X.I Macread Xis a link to X.I macfile. X X X X.SP -0.5 / echo x - macros sed '/^X/s///' > macros << '/' X.de CD X.ne 2 X.if t .ta 0.9i 1.15i 2.75i 3.25i 3.75i X.if n .ta 11m 15m 40m X.nr x 0 0 X.nr y 0 0 X.nr z 0 0 X.if n #\\$1 X.if n .br X\\fBCommand:\& \\$1\\fR X.br X.. X.de SX X.if \\nx<=0 \\fBSyntax:\& \\$1 X.if \\nx>0 \& \\fB\\$1 X.nr x 1 1 X.br X.. X.de FL X.if \\ny<=0 \\fBFlags:\& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 X.if \\ny>0 \& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 X.nr y 1 1 X.br X.. X.de EX X.br X.nf X.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Examples: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.nr z 1 1 X.br X.. X.de EY X.br X.nf X.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Example: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.nr z 1 1 X.br X.. X / echo x - macwrite sed '/^X/s///' > macwrite << '/' X.CD "macwrite \(en write a Macintosh file [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "macwrite\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] \fIfile\fR" X.EX "macwrite dir:file mail << '/' X.CD "mail \(en send and receive electronic mail" X.SX "mail\fR [\fB\(endpqrv\fR]\fR [\fB\(enf \fIfile\fR] [\fIuser\fR] X.FL "\(end" "Force use of the shell variable \fIMAILER\fR" X.FL "\(enf" "Use \fIfile\fR instead of \fI/usr/spool/mail/user\fR as mailbox" X.FL "\(enp" "Print all mail and then exit" X.FL "\(enq" "Quit program if SIGINT received" X.FL "\(enr" "Reverse print order, i.e., print oldest first" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose mode" X.EX "mail ast" "Send a message to \fIast\fR" X.EX "mail" "Read your mail" X.PP X\fIMail\fR is an extremely simple electronic mail program. It can be used Xto send or receive email on a single X.MX Xsystem, in which case it functions Xas user agent and local delivery agent. XIf the flag \fIMAILER\fR is defined in \fImail.c\fR, Xit can also call a trans\%port agent to handle remote mail as well. XNo such agent is supplied with X.MX . X.PP XWhen called by \fIuser\fR with no arguments, it examines the mailbox X\fI/usr/spool/mail/user\fR, prints one message (depending on the \fB\(enr\fR Xflag), and waits for one of the following commands: X.SP 1 X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.25i 1.25i X Go to the next message X \(en Print the previous message X !command Fork off a shell and execute \fIcommand\fR X CTRL-D Update the mailbox and quit (same as q) X d Delete the current message and go to the next one X q Update the mailbox and quit (same as CTRL-D) X p Print the current message again X s [\fIfile\fR] Save message in the named file X x Exit without updating the mailbox X.HS X.PP X.SP 1 XTo send mail, the program is called with the name of the recipient as an Xargument. The mail is sent, along with a postmark line containing the date. XFor local delivery, a file named after the recipient in the directory X\fI/usr/spool/mail\fR must be writable. X X X / echo x - make sed '/^X/s///' > make << '/' X.CD "make \(en a program for maintaining large programs" X.SX "make\fR [\fB\(enf \fIfile\fR]\fR [\fB\(eniknpqrst\fR] [\fIoption\fR] ... [\fItarget\fR] X.FL "\(enf" "Use \fIfile\fP as the makefile" X.FL "\(eni" "Ignore status returned by commands" X.FL "\(enk" "On error, skip to next command" X.FL "\(enn" "Report, but do not execute" X.FL "\(enp" "Print macros and targets" X.FL "\(enq" "Question up-to-dateness of target" X.FL "\(enr" "Rule inhibit; do not use default rules" X.FL "\(ens" "Silent mode" X.FL "\(ent" "Touch files instead of making them" X.EX "make kernel" "Make \fIkernel\fP up to date" X.EX "make \(enn \(enf mfile" "Tell what needs to be done" X.PP X.I Make Xis a program that is normally used for developing large programs consisting of Xmultiple files. XIt keeps track of which object files depend on which source and header files. XWhen called, it does the minimum amount of recompilation to bring the target Xfile up to date. X.PP XThe file dependencies are expected in X.I makefile Xor X.I Makefile , Xunless another file is specified with \fB\(enf\fR. X.I Make Xhas some default rules built in, for example, it knows how to make X.I .s Xfiles Xfrom X.I .c Xfiles. XHere is a sample X.I makefile . X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.25i 1.0i 3.0i X d=/user/ast # \fId\fP is a macro X program: head.s tail.s # \fIprogram\fR depends on these X cc \(eno program head.s tail.s # tells how to make \fIprogram\fP X echo Program done. # announce completion X head.s: $d/def.h head.c # \fIhead.s\fP depends on these X.br X tail.s: $d/var.h tail.c # \fItail.s\fP depends on these X.HS X.fi XA complete description of \fImake\fR would require too much space here. XMany books on X.UX Xdiscuss X.I make . XStudy the numerous \fIMakefiles\fR in the X.MX Xsource tree for examples. X X X / echo x - man sed '/^X/s///' > man << '/' X.CD "man \(en display manual page" X.SX "man\fR [\fIman_directory\fR]\fR [\fIdigit\fR] [\fIname\fR] ... X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "man" "Display main index" X.EX "man cdiff" "Display man page for \fIcdiff\fR program" X.EX "man 2 fork" "Display man page for \fIfork\fR system call" X.EX "man 3" "Display the part 3 man pages" X.PP X\fIMan\fR is a program that displays manual pages. XWhen called with a program name, it displays the manual page for that Xprogram. XWhen the digit \fIk\fR is given as an argument, the file \fI/usr/man/man\fRk Xis used instead of the default, \fI/usr/man/man1\fR. XWhen no name is given (or just a digit), the list of valid entries is Xdisplayed. XThe arrows can be used to select an entry, and can be used to Xdisplay the selected entry. X\fIQ\fR or \fIq\fR leaves the program. XA directory name can be given to override the use of \fI/usr/man\fR. XSince all the manual pages are provided in printed format, to save diskette Xspace, no manual pages are provided on diskette. XThus \fIman\fR is primarily useful for your own documentation. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - man1.uue sed '/^X/s///' > man1.uue << '/' Xtable X !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>? 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#/NN,XU),5RZ_@%2[K^QGH7,B_GS9JC5H>J(L$%QV^->Z?!P+#n XMZM%$3ISF[KF"E^[M_5H<#2L"2]BCT<'EAVUZN'Hm XM0WVB3'3A1^BIXA0&*8>>*DYA8GKHJ>(4AE%!Y4V]K!@H\"VLW2OT5'$*Z[A SIN56S>(F!A#P0&.!5D@H]/R$/! 9&_$C[:VB(=Z&Gk XMBE,8*#%J35M6R .! :Z7I3P0&'R7"K4/J^5,IE#FM1IVQLA8#]8=AY^(T%/%j XM*0R4&+5]"\AN270\URH-? 6BB([HPH_0Y*^.KG S*:%)2EA]$1":#ILY&AA5i XM,;>,AN:<.G2BFWB2C9@,E(5U%)K*PMNS?%85E-1D43(#9019:9NKT/*5E>\Kh XM&!@>PP-5/#(T'39/@0N/WA/&K,D:E(AHT(V_C 6)&QB[Q-?Q"%S8M>*V" A-g XM4@)O8]9D+5EI(<&$A NS8'TMS'PD(1J1.(+Y3HHL_[Z#R(.=UVZWP%]C5)G:CM73'-?ES-We XM"MS2S8%+Q$ K[^7#0W1$%WY\1*3,>*V^"&"\3K?E)]JQY!N&^"6]#BV F(Q0d XMK#P1/B+:Y:IB94 PT* ^O5W(*OR\\?=/!DHN+H2U!M>@TYR,1S)>VC/W&SG)c XM&4N^@?;P2,9+>\C"&R:^+3_1CB7?0'L^R3J<[>O69E2_[6LE&"A>F \Q=BR]b XM91\:3A[I=6@!Q 2(!KBBPTAJRAED4*.!@8*&a XML\3Y$\C?% 8:_BQQ_@0*'WJH?V2/]+OR"'TZMO$I!V<#=;U93.]40[M[y XJ0J-A0QAC1'%PXK'D\BB9,E,@0%/8T#B.A A6P[43\5?[]-!S=!T5A)X x X w Xend / echo x - master sed '/^X/s///' > master << '/' X.CD "master \(en control the creation of shervers [IBM]" X.SX "master \fIcount \fIuid \fIgid \fIcommand" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "master 2 1 1 /bin/sherver port" "Start 2 shervers" X.PP XIf a machine is intended to be used as a server, its \fI/etc/rc\fR Xfile should Xhave a command similar to the example above. When the system is booted, X\fImaster\fR runs and forks off the required number of shervers (shell Xservers), up to a maximum of four. XThey run with the indicated uid and gid, and listen to the indicated port. XWhen an \fIrsh\fR is done Xon a client machine, the command is given to one of the shervers for execution. XWhen the sherver is done, it exits, \fImaster\fR, which is always running, Xsees this, Xand creates a new sherver. XThus \fImaster\fR is analogous to \fIinit\fR, only it makes Xnew shervers (usually) instead of new \fIlogin\fR programs. X\fIMaster\fR must run as root to be able to do setuid and setgid. X X X.SP 1 / echo x - mdb sed '/^X/s///' > mdb << '/' X.CD "mdb \(en Minix debugger [68000]" X.SX "mdb \fIexecutable\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "mdb /usr/bin/ls" "Invoke the debugger on the \fIls\fR program" X.PP X.I Mdb Xprovides a means of debugging X.MX Xprograms. XIt supports symbolic debugging. XThe argument, X.I executable , Xis a X.MX Xexecutable file. XIf no file is specified the default is \fIa.out\fR. XA description of the commands is given in Chap. 9. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - megartc sed '/^X/s///' > megartc << '/' X.CD "megartc \(en set date from real time clock [Mega ST]" X.SX "megartc [\(end]" X.FL "\(end" "output some debugging information" X.EY "megartc" "Set the date from the Mega ST real time clock" X.PP X.I Megartc Xreads the current date and time from the battery powered real Xtime clock in the Mega ST and sets the X.MX Xtime accordingly. X X X / echo x - mined sed '/^X/s///' > mined << '/' X.CD "mined \(en \*(M2 editor" X.SX "mined\fR [\fIfile\fR] X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "mined /user/ast/book.3" "Edit an existing file" X.EX "mined" "Call editor to create a new file" X.EX "ls \(enl | mined" "Use \fImined\fR as a pager to inspect listing" X.PP X.I Mined X(pronounced min-ed) is a simple full-screen editor. XWhen editing a file, it holds the file in memory, thus speeding up Xediting, but limiting the editor to files of up to about 35K. XLarger files must first be cut into pieces by X.I split . XLines may be arbitrarily long. XOutput from a command may be piped into X.I mined Xso it can be viewed without scrolling off the screen. XSee also Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - minimacros sed '/^X/s///' > minimacros << '/' X.de CD X.ne 2 X.if t .ta 0.9i 1.15i 2.75i 3.25i 3.75i X.if n .ta 11m 15m 40m X.nr x 0 0 X.nr y 0 0 X.nr z 0 0 X.if n #\\$1 X.if n .br X\\fBCommand:\& \\$1\\fR X.br X.. X.de SX X.if \\nx<=0 \\fBSyntax:\& \\$1 X.if \\nx>0 \& \\fB\\$1 X.nr x 1 1 X.br X.. X.de FL X.if \\ny<=0 \\fBFlags:\& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 X.if \\ny>0 \& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 X.nr y 1 1 X.br X.. X.de EX X.br X.nf X.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Examples: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.nr z 1 1 X.br X.. X.de EY X.br X.nf X.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Example: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 X.nr z 1 1 X.br X.. X / echo x - minix sed '/^X/s///' > minix << '/' X.CD "minix \(en \*(M2 bootstrap [AMIGA]" X.SX "minix \fR [\fB\(ene \fRadr] [\fB\(enf \fRadr] [\fB\(enk \fRfile] [\fB\(enl \fRadr] [\fB\(enm \fRadr] [\fB\(enn \fRadr] [\fB\(enq \fRfreq]" X.br X.ti 1.45i X[\fB\(enr \fRrate] [\fB\(ens \fRadr] [\fB\(ent \fRfreq] [\fB\(en?]" X.FL "\(ene" "Kernel execute address (default: kernel destination address)" X.FL "\(enf" "Font data e.g. $fc1234 (default: romfont)" X.FL "\(enk" "Kernel image data file (default: \fIminix.img\fR)" X.FL "\(enl" "Kernel image already loaded, at given address" X.FL "\(enm" "Address of 256K memory chunk you want to include in list" X.FL "\(enn" "Address of 256K memory chunk you want to exclude from list" X.FL "\(enq" "Set keyboard repeat speed, default=15 Hz" X.FL "\(enr" "Set diskette seek rate (default: 4000 \(*msec)" X.FL "\(ens" "Kernel destination address (default: $000200)" X.FL "\(ent" "Set clock freq (default: PAL=7093790 Hz, NTSC=7159090 Hz)" X.FL "\(en?" "Display this message" X.EX "minix" "Boot \*(M2 from the default \fIminix.img\fRfile" X.EX "minix \(enm $300000" "Add a 256K RAM block at $300000 and boot" X.EX "minix \(ent 7093700" "Set a slightly lower clock rate and then boot" X.PP XThe casual user will (should) probably never use most of these options, Xbut they might be helpful for development purposes. XIf you do not know what you are doing, do not use these options; wait until you Xhave become an expert. X X X / echo x - mkdir sed '/^X/s///' > mkdir << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "mkdir \(en make a directory" X.SX "mkdir [\fB\(enp\fR] [\fB\(enm \fImode\fR] \fIdirectory ..." X.FL "\(enm" "Create directory with mode" X.FL "\(enp" "Create missing intermediate directories" X.EX "mkdir dir" "Create \fIdir\fP in the current directory" X.EX "mkdir \(enp /user/ast/dir" "Create the \fI/user/ast\fP and \fI/user/ast/dir\fP" X.PP XThe specified directory or directories are created and initialized. If any Xintermediate directory is missing and \fB(enp\fR is specified, the missing Xcomponent will be created and no error displayed if directory already Xexists. If the \fB\(enm\fR flag is used, this will be equivalent to a chmod Xon the directory after its creation. X X X / echo x - mkfifo sed '/^X/s///' > mkfifo << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "mkfifo \(en make a named pipe" X.SX "mkfifo [\fB\(enm \fImode\fR] \fIfifo ..." X.FL "\(enm" "Create fifo with specified mode" X.EX "mkfifo pipe" "Create \fIpipe\fP in the current directory" X.EX "mkfifo -m a+w systatus" "Create the \fIsystatus\fP writable by all" X.PP XThe specified fifo special files are created. XIf the \fB\(enm\fR flag is used, this will be equivalent to a chmod Xon the fifo special file after its creation. X X X / echo x - mkfs sed '/^X/s///' > mkfs << '/' X.CD "mkfs \(en make a file system" X.SX "mkfs \fR[\fB\(enLdot\fR] \fIspecial \fIprototype" X.FL "\(enL" "Make a listing on standard output" X.FL "\(enb" "Number of blocks in the file system" X.FL "\(end" "Use mod time of \fImkfs\fR binary for all files" X.FL "\(eni" "Number of i-nodes in the file system" X.FL "\(eno" "Use a drive other than 0 or 1 (safety precaution)" X.FL "\(ent" "Do not test if file system fits on the medium" X.FL "\(en1" "Make a version 1 file system (for backward compatibility)" X.EX "mkfs /dev/fd1 proto" "Make a file system on \fI/dev/fd1\fR" X.EX "mkfs /dev/fd1 360" "Make empty 360 block file system" X.EX "mkfs /dev/hd2 -b 20000 -i 4000" "Make file system on partition 2" X.PP X.I Mkfs Xbuilds a file system and copies specified files to it. XThe prototype file tells which directories and files to copy to it. XIf the prototype file cannot be opened, and its name is just a string of Xdigits, an empty file system will be made with the specified number of Xblocks. XThe number of blocks can also be specified with the \fB\(enb\fR flag. XA sample prototype file follows. XThe text following the \fI#\fR sign in the example below is comment. XIn real prototype files, comments are not allowed. X.SP 0.5 X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.20i 0.70i 1.10i 3i 3.5i 4i X boot # boot block file (ignored) X 360 63 # blocks and i-nodes X d--755 1 1 # root directory X bin d--755 \|2 1 # bin dir: mode (755), uid (2), gid (1) X sh \|---755 2 1 /user/bin/shell # shell has mode \fIrwxr-xr-x\fP X mv -u-755 2 1 /user/bin/mv # u = SETUID bit X login -ug755 2 1 /user/bin/login # SETUID and SETGID X $ # end of \fI/bin\fP X dev d--755 2 1 # special files: tty (char), fd0 (block) X tty c--777 2 1 4 0 # uid=2, gid=1, major=4, minor=0 X fd0 b--644 2 1 2 0 360 # uid, gid, major, minor, blocks X $ # end of \fI/dev\fP X user d--755 12 1 # user dir: mode (755), uid (12), gid (1) X ast d--755 12 1 # \fI/user/ast\fP X $ # \fI/user/ast\fP is empty X $ # end of \fI/user\fP X $ # end of root directory X.HS X.SP 0.5 X.fi XThe first entry on each line (except the first 3 and the $ lines, which Xterminate directories) is the name the file or directory will get on the Xnew file system. XNext comes its mode, with the first character being X\fB\(endbc\fR for regular files, directories, block special files and character Xspecial files, respectively. XThe next two characters are used to specify the SETUID and SETGID bits, as Xshown above. XThe last three characters of the mode are the X.I rwx Xprotection bits. X.PP XFollowing the mode are the uid and gid. XFor special files, the major and minor devices are needed. XThe size in blocks must also be specified for block special files (the X.MX Xblock size is 1K; this can only be changed by changing X.I BLOCK_SIZE Xand then recompiling the operating system). X X X / echo x - mknod sed '/^X/s///' > mknod << '/' X.CD "mknod \(en create a special file" X.SX "mknod \fIfile\fR [\fBb\fR] [\fBc\fR] \fImajor \fIminor \fR[\fIsize\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "mknod /dev/plotter c 7 0" "Create special file for a plotter" X.EX "mknod /dev/fd3 b 2 3 360" "Create a 360K device for diskette drive 3" X.PP X.I Mknod Xcreates a special file named X.I file , Xwith the indicated major and minor device numbers. XThe second argument specifies a block or character file. XBlock devices have a size, which must be specified in blocks. XCharacter devices do not have a size so the fifth argument is omitted. X X X / echo x - mkproto sed '/^X/s///' > mkproto << '/' X.CD "mkproto \(en create a \s-2MINIX\s0 prototype file" X.SX "mkproto \fR[\fB\(enb \fIn\fR] [\fB\(end \fIstr\fR] [\fB\(eng \fIn\fR] [\fB\(eni \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enp \fInnn\fR] [\fB\(ens\fR] [\fB\(ent \fIroot\fR] [\fB\(enu \fIn\fR]" X.FL "\(enb" "Number of blocks in the prototype is \fIn\fR" X.FL "\(end" "Indent the prototype file using \fIstr\fR instead of tab" X.FL "\(eng" "Use \fIn\fR as the gid for all files and directories" X.FL "\(eni" "Number of i-nodes in the prototype is \fIn\fR" X.FL "\(enp" "Use \fInnn\fR (3 octal digits) as the protection mode" X.FL "\(ens" "Use the same uid, gid and mode as the source files have" X.FL "\(ent" "Use the string \fIroot\fR as the path prefix for every file" X.FL "\(enu" "Use \fIn\fR as the uid for all files and directories" X.EX "mkproto \(enb360" "Make a 360K prototype of this directory" X.EX "mkproto \(enu2 \(eng1 \(enp644" "Give all files uid 2, gid 1 and mode 644" X.PP X\fIMkproto\fR creates an \fImkfs\fR prototype file for the specified Xsource-directory. XThe prototype file is either written to \fIstdout\fR or, if specified, Xthe proto-file. X X X / echo x - modem sed '/^X/s///' > modem << '/' X.CD "modem \(en switch the modem and getty state" X.SX "modem \fR[\fB\(eno\fR] [\fB\(eni \fInum\fR] \fBtty\fIn\fR" X.FL "\(eno" "Turn getty off and set modem to dialout" X.FL "\(eni" "Set line to dialin" X.EX "modem \(eno tty1" "Set tty1 to dialout" X.EX "modem \(eni2 tty1" "Set tty1 to dialin (2 rings)" X.PP XThe \fIgetty\fR program allows a terminal port to be used for both dialin and Xdialout. XThis little program switches the getty state, and also sends Xsome commands to the modem attached to the specified line. XIf the \fB\(eno\fR flag is presnt, \fImodem\fR will put the Xgetty process (if any) connected to the specified line into XSUSPEND state, which means that it Xwill not pay attention to that line until it is reset to RESTART state. XAlso, \fImodem\fR will send some (Hayes) Xcommands to the attached modem to disable the auto-nanswer mode. XThe \fB\(eni\fR flag specifies the number of times the telephone has to Xring before the modem may answer the call (to give the operator a chance). X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - mon_man sed '/^X/s///' > mon_man << '/' X 5 K 4034: 10 Dec 92 Kees J. Bot Little monitor document X(Message # 5: 4034 bytes, KEEP) XReceived: from spanker.cs.vu.nl by top.cs.vu.nl id aa00984; 10 Dec 92 9:49 MET XReceived: from hornet.cs.vu.nl by spanker.cs.vu.nl id aa00324; X 10 Dec 92 9:49 MET XDate: Thu, 10 Dec 92 9:49:24 MET XFrom: "Kees J. Bot" XTo: ast@cs.vu.nl XSubject: Little monitor document XMessage-ID: <9212100949.aa16951@hornet.cs.vu.nl> X XI've written a small document on the monitor as you requested. Below is Xa shar file with the nroff source. The command X X nroff -ms mon.doc.ms | colcrt - > mon.doc X Xwill turn it into a flat file. Only the page breaks are left to be Xremoved. X X(I should be less vocal on the net, now someone sent his Minix questions Xto me, but the praise still goes to you: "Tell Andy he did a superb job Xputting this OS together." Just passing it on. :-) X-- X Kees. X_._. .._ _ ._ ._.. ___ _. __. _ .... . _.. ___ _ _ . _.. ._.. .. _. . X: This is a shar archive. Extract with sh, not csh. X: This archive ends with exit, so do not worry about trailing junk. X: --------------------------- cut here -------------------------- XPATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb Xecho Extracting 'mon.doc.ms' Xsed 's/^X//' > 'mon.doc.ms' << '+ END-OF-FILE ''mon.doc.ms' XX.SH XXDoing more with the Minix Boot Monitor. XX.PP XXThis text describes the menu interface of the Minix Boot Monitor, and XXthe commands that may be used to customize it. XX.LP XXFirst of all, the monitor mode as distributed normally hides some of the XXfunctionality, but shows you an explanation of the environment XXvariables instead. If you add -DEXTENDED_LIST to CFLAGS in the Makefile XXand recompile, then you will no longer see the long explanation (you XXshould know it by now), but you will see all the commands the monitor XXknows about. XX.SH XXThe commands. XX.PP XXThe boot command has two functions, one is to load and start Minix, the XXother is to boot a different operating system. If the first partition XXon your hard disk contains MS-DOS, then XX.DS XX.B XXboot hd1 XX.R XX.DE XXwill boot MS-DOS. (Not all operating systems like to be called this XXway, some insist on being on the active partition.) XX.LP XXThe delay, ls, and other simple commands are not too difficult to XXunderstand, just try them out. The trap command may be used to execute XXa function after a delay. You can show a menu first and boot Minix XXafter 5 seconds of inactivity like this: XX.DS XX.B XXtrap 5000 boot; menu XX.R XX.DE XX(This must be typed on one line, traps are cancelled when the prompt is XXprinted.) XX.SH XXFunctions. XX.PP XXFunctions are used to bundle commands, or to build menu items. The best XXexample of a simple function is 'main', the function executed by the XXmonitor on startup. Main is by default defined as: XX.DS XX.B XXmain() { menu } XX.R XX.DE XXSo that's why you see a menu at the start. The example with 'trap' XXabove could be executed by main if you type: XX.DS XX.B XXmain() { trap 5000 boot; menu } XXsave XX.R XX.DE XXThe save command will save the changed environment of the monitor to the XXsecond half of the boot block, the "boot parameters sector". XX.LP XXFunctions may have one or two arguments, the first is a key to be XXpressed from the menu to execute the function, the optional second XXargument is the text that is to be displayed on the menu. The single XXargument functions should only be produced by construct, like this XXone: XX.DS XX.B XXAT(a) {label=AT;image=42:626;echo AT kernel selected;menu} XX.R XX.DE XXIt invites you to choose one of many kernels on a special boot floppy. XX.LP XXThe two argument functions are used to customize the menu, once you XXdefine one the default option disappears, so your first function will XXprobably be one to start Minix. Example: XX.DS XX.B XXminix(=,Start Minix) { boot } XXdos(d,Boot MS-DOS) { boot hd1 } XXsave XXmenu XX.R XX.DE XXNow you can type '=' or 'd' to choose between Minix and DOS. X+ END-OF-FILE mon.doc.ms Xchmod 'u=rw,g=r,o=r' 'mon.doc.ms' Xset `wc -c 'mon.doc.ms'` Xcount=$1 Xcase $count in X2542) :;; X*) echo 'Bad character count in ''mon.doc.ms' >&2 X echo 'Count should be 2542' >&2 Xesac Xexit 0 / echo x - more sed '/^X/s///' > more << '/' X.CD "more \(en pager" X.SX "more\fR [\fB\(endf\&lpsu\fR]\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] [\fB+\fIn\fR] [\fB+\fR/\fIpattern\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(end" "Display prompt message at each pause" X.FL "\(enf" "Do not fold lines" X.FL "\(enl" "Do not treat CTRL-L as form feed" X.FL "\(enp" "Page mode. Do not scroll" X.FL "\(ens" "Suppress multiple blank lines" X.FL "\(enu" "Use escape sequences for underlining" X.EX "more file" "Display file on the screen" X.EX "more \(enp file1 file2" "Display two files in page mode" X.EX "more \(en10 file" "Use a 10 line window" X.EX "more +/begin file" "Hunt for the string \fIbegin\fR" X.PP X\fIMore\fR is a pager that allows one to examine files. XWhen \fImore\fR starts up, it displays a screenful of information from the Xfirst file in its list, and then pauses for one of the following commands. XIn this description, # represents an integer telling how many of something. X.HS X.nf X.ta 0.5i 1.5i X \(en Display next page X \(en Display next line X CTRL-B \(en Go backward half a screenful X CTRL-D \(en Go forward half a screenful X CTRL-L \(en Redisplay the screen X # \(en Go forward # lines X = \(en Print current line number X . \(en Repeat previous command X ' \(en (single quote) Go back to start of last search X ! \(en Escape to a shell X #/ \(en Go to #-th occurrence of X :f \(en Display current file name and line number X #:n \(en Skip forward # files X #:p \(en Skip backward # files X b \(en Go backward half a screenful X d \(en Go forward half a screenful X #f \(en Skip # screenfuls X h \(en Display \fI/usr/lib/more.help\fR X #n \(en Go to #-th occurence of last X q \(en Quit \fImore\fR X Q \(en Quit \fImore\fR X #s \(en Skip # lines X v \(en Try to execute \fI/usr/bin/vi\fR X #z \(en Go forward # lines and set screen size to # X.fi X.HS XFor the benefit of users who always want to use certain flags when calling X\fImore\fR, the shell variable MORE can be set, Xfor example, to MORE="\(ENp". X X X / echo x - mount sed '/^X/s///' > mount << '/' X.CD "mount \(en mount a file system" X.SX "/etc/mount \fIspecial \fIfile\fR [\fB\(enr\fR]" X.FL "\(enr" "File system is mounted read-only" X.EY "/etc/mount /dev/fd1 /user" "Mount diskette 1 on \fI/user\fP" X.PP XThe file system contained on the special file is mounted on \fIfile\fP. XIn the example above, the root directory of the file system in drive 1 Xcan be accessed as X.DI /user Xafter the mount. XWhen the file system is no longer needed, it must be unmounted before being Xremoved from the drive. X X X / echo x - mref sed '/^X/s///' > mref << '/' X.CD "mref \(en make listing and cross reference map of \s-2MINIX\s0" X.SX "mref\fR [\fB\(endlmstx\fR] [\fB\(enp \fIn\fR] [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIfile ..." X.FL "\(end" "Do not produce definition file (global symbol table)" X.FL "\(enl" "Do not produce listing" X.FL "\(enm" "Multiple references on one line are cited only once" X.FL "\(enp" "Set initial page number to \fIn\fR" X.FL "\(ens" "Suppress line numbering between procedures" X.FL "\(ent" "Generate output for \fItroff\fR" X.FL "\(enx" "Do not produce the cross reference map" X.FL "\(en\fIn" "Number of lines to print per page, default = 50" X.EX "mref *.[\fIhc\fR]" "List and cross reference files \fI.h\fR and \fI.c\fR" X.EX "mref \(en60 \(ent *.c" "Produce \fItroff\fR input at 60 lines/page" X.EX "mref \(endx \(enp 100 *.c" "Listing only, first page is numbered 100" X.PP XIn default mode, X.I mref Xproduces three output files: a numbered listing of the input files X(on standard output), a global symbol table (on \fIsymbol.out\fR), Xand a cross reference map to the global symbols (on \fIxref.out\fR). XA global symbol in this context is one present in a #define, PUBLIC, XPRIVATE, or SYMBOL statement (the latter being introduced to allow users Xto explicitly declare certain symbols as global). XAny of the three outputs can be suppressed, or alternatively, be made Xsuitable for input to \fItroff\fR for typesetting. X X X / echo x - mv sed '/^X/s///' > mv << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "mv \(en move or rename a file" X.SX "mv [\fB\(enf\&i\fR] \fIfile1 file2" X.SX "mv [\fB\(enf\&i\fR] \fIfile\fR ... \fIdirectory" X.FL "\(enf" "Do not prompt before removing existing files" X.FL "\(eni" "Prompt before removing existing files" X.EX "mv oldname newname" "Move \fIoldname\fP to \fInewname\fP" X.EX "mv file1 file2 /user/ast" "Move two files to \fI/user/ast\fP" X.PP X.I Mv Xmoves one or more files from one place in the file system to another. XIf the old path and new path are on the same device, it is done by renaming Xotherwise by copying. If you're not superuser, the copy will destroy the Xfile's owner, group and setuid/setgid bits. X.I mv Xwill prompt before removing non-writable files if \fBstdin\fR is a terminal Xor the \fB\(eni\fR flag was specified. X X X / echo x - ncheck sed '/^X/s///' > ncheck << '/' X.CD "ncheck \(en i-node to name converter" X.SX "ncheck\fR [\fB\(eni\fI numbers\fR] [\fB\(ena\fR] [\fB\(ens\fR] \fIfile_system\fR" X.FL "\(ena" "List all files, even . and .." X.FL "\(eni" "Followed by a list of i-nodes" X.FL "\(ens" "List only special and setuid files" X.EX "ncheck \(en /dev/fd0" "List everything on \fI/dev/fd0\fR" X.EX "ncheck \(eni 10,15 /dev/fd0" "List i-nodes 10 and 15 on \fI/dev/fd0\fR" X.PP X\fISometimes one knows about an i-node number and wants to find the file Xname that goes with it. This program makes that mapping. XThe default is to list everything on the device, but the \fB\(eni\fR Xflag restricts the list to specified i-nodes and the \fB\(ens\fR flag Xrestricts it to special files and setuid files (to look for possible Xsecurity violations). / echo x - nm sed '/^X/s///' > nm << '/' X.CD "nm \(en print name list" X.SX "nm\fR [\fB\(endgnopru\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(end" "Print the offsets in decimal instead of in hex" X.FL "\(eng" "Print only external symbols" X.FL "\(enn" "Sort numerically rather than alphabetically" X.FL "\(eno" "Prepend file name to each line rather than only once" X.FL "\(enp" "Do not sort, print in symbol-table order" X.FL "\(enr" "Sort in reverse order" X.FL "\(enu" "Print only undefined symbols" X.EX "nm \(enn a.out" "Print all symbols in numerical order" X.EX "nm \(endg a.out" "Print globals alphabetically in decimal" X.PP X\fINm\fR prints the symbol table of executable files when it is available. XIf no file is given, the symbols in \fIa.out\fR are used. XThe format of the table Xis somewhat compatible with the one produced by \fIasld\fR when used with Xthe \fB\(ens\fR option. The symbol table can be added with \fIast\fR. XAssembly language files do not have symbol tables. X X X / echo x - nroff sed '/^X/s///' > nroff << '/' X.CD "nroff \(en text formatter" X.SX "nroff\fR [\fB\(enbv\fR]\fR [\fB\(enm\fImacros\fR] [\fB\(enp\fIn\fR] [\fB\(en\fRn\fR] [\fB+\fRn\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enb" "Output device can backspace" X.FL "\(enm" "Use \fI/usr/lib/tmac/tmac.\fR macros" X.FL "\(env" "Print \fInro\fR version number" X.FL "\(mi\fIn\fR" "Last page to print" X.FL "+\fIn\fR" "First page to print" X.EX "nroff infile >outfile" "Format \fIinfile\fR" X.EX "nroff +3 \(en5 infile >outfile" "Only output pages 3-5" X.PP X\fINroff\fR is a text formatter like \fIroff\fR, but more flexible. XUnlike \fIroff\fR, it accepts parametrized macros, for example. XThe commands are given in Chap. 9. X X X / echo x - od sed '/^X/s///' > od << '/' X.CD "od \(en octal dump" X.SX "od\fR [\fB\(enbcdhox\fR]\fR [\fIfile\fR] [ [\fB+\fR] \fIoffset\fR [\fB.\fR][\fBb\fR]\fR ]" X.FL "\(enb" "Dump bytes in octal" X.FL "\(enc" "Dump bytes as ASCII characters" X.FL "\(end" "Dump words in decimal" X.FL "\(enh" "Print addresses in hex (default is octal)" X.FL "\(eno" "Dump words in octal (default)" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose (list duplicate lines)" X.FL "\(enx" "Dump words in hex" X.EX "od \(enox file" "Dump \fIfile\fP in octal and hex" X.EX "od \(end file +1000" "Dump \fIfile\fP starting at byte 01000" X.EX "od \(enc file +10.b" "Dump \fIfile\fP starting at block 10" X.PP X.I Od Xdumps a file in one or more formats. XIf \fIfile\fP is missing, \fIstdin\fR is dumped. XThe \fIoffset\fP argument tells X.I od Xto skip a certain number of bytes or blocks before starting. XThe offset is in octal bytes, unless it is followed by a X\*(OQ.\*(CQ for decimal or \fBb\fP for blocks or both. X X X / echo x - passwd sed '/^X/s///' > passwd << '/' X.CD "passwd \(en change a login password" X.SX "passwd\fR [\fIname\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "passwd" "Change current user's password" X.EX "passwd ast" "Change ast's password (super\(enuser only)" X.PP X.I Passwd Xis used to change your password. XIt prompts for the old and new passwords. XIt asks for the new password twice, to reduce the effect of a typing error. XDo not forget to copy the modified password file back to the root file system, Xor the changes will be lost when the system is rebooted. X X X / echo x - paste sed '/^X/s///' > paste << '/' X.CD "paste \(en paste multiple files together" X.SX "paste\fR [\fB\(ens\fR]\fR [\fB\(end\fI list\fR] \fIfile..." X.FL "\(end" "Set delimiter used to separate columns to \fIlist\fR. X.FL "\(ens" "Print files sequentially, file \fIk\fR on line \fIk\fR. X.EX "paste file1 file2" "Print \fIfile1\fR in col 1, \fIfile2\fR in col 2" X.EX "paste \(ens f1 f2" "Print \fIf1\fR on line 1 and \fIf2\fR on line 2" X.EX "paste -d : file1 file2" "Print the lines separated by a colon" X.PP X\fIPaste\fR concatenates corresponding lines of the given input files Xand writes them to standard output. The lines of the different files Xare separated by the delimiters given with the option \(ens\fR. If Xno list is given, a tab is substituted for every linefeed, except the last one. XIf end-of-file is hit on an input file, subsequent lines are empty. XSuppose a set of \fIk\fR files each has one word per line. XThen the \fIpaste\fR output will have \fIk\fR columns, Xwith the contents of file \fIj\fR in column \fIj\fR. XIf the \fB\(ens\fR flag is given, then the first Xfile is on line 1, the second file on line 2, etc. XIn effect, \fB\(ens\fR turns the output sideways. X.PP XIf a list of delimiters is given, they are used in turn. The C escape Xsequences \\n, \\t, \\\\, and \\0 are used for linefeed, tab, backslash, and Xthe null string, respectively. / echo x - patch sed '/^X/s///' > patch << '/' X.CD "patch \(en patches up a file from the original and a diff" X.SX "patch\fR [\fB\(enNRbcdef\&lnop\fR]\fR [\fB\(enF\fIn\fR] [\fB\(enD \fIlabel\fR] [\fIfile \fR[\fIdifflist\fR]]" X.FL "\(enD" "Mark changes with #ifdef...#endif next arg gives label" X.FL "\(enF" "Sets the maximum fuzz factor to \fIn\fR" X.FL "\(enN" "Ignore patches that are reversed or already applied" X.FL "\(enR" "Reverse the patches" X.FL "\(enb" "Next argument is backup extension, instead of using a tilde (\(ap)" X.FL "\(enc" "Interpret the patch file as a context diff" X.FL "\(end" "Cd to the next arg (assumed a dir) before doing anything" X.FL "\(ene" "Interpret the patch file as an ed script" X.FL "\(enf" "Forces \fIpatch\fR to do its work without asking any questions" X.FL "\(enl" "Do matching loosely (e.g., all white space is equivalent)" X.FL "\(enn" "Interpret the patch file as a normal diff" X.FL "\(eno" "Next argument is the output file name" X.FL "\(enp" "Sets the pathname strip count" X.EX "patch file difflist" "Fix up \fIfile\fR" X.EX "patch pathchk << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "pathchk \(en check pathname" X.SX "pathchk [\fB\(enp\fR] \fIpath\fR ..." X.FL "\(enp" "Check against POSIX rules" X.EX "pathchk /usr/src/file.c" "Check the accessibility of \fIfile.c\fP" X.EX "pathchk \(enp file" "Check posix compliance of \fIfile\fR" X.PP X.I Pathchk Xverifies path names and display error if paths are too long, contain names Xthat are too long, go thru a non-searchable directory or contain an Xinvalid character in names. If the \fB\(enp\fR flag is specified, the POSIX Xrules apply instead of the rules of the current file system. X X X X / echo x - pr sed '/^X/s///' > pr << '/' X.CD "pr \(en print a file" X.SX "pr\fR [\fB\(enMfnt\fR]\fR [\fB\(enh \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enl \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enw \fIn\fR] [\fB\(en\fRcolumns\fR] [\fB+\fIpage\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enM" "Use MINIX style line number" X.FL "\(enf" "Do not fold long lines" X.FL "\(enh" "Take next argument as page header" X.FL "\(enl" "Sets page length in lines" X.FL "\(enn" "Number the output lines" X.FL "\(ent" "Do not print page header or trailer" X.FL "\(enw" "Sets line length in characters" X.EX "pr \(enw85 \(enl60 file" "Use 85 character line, 60 line page" X.EX "pr \(en3 file" "List \fIfile\fP three columns to a page" X.EX "pr +4 file" "Start printing with page 4" X.PP X.I Pr Xformats one or more files for printing. XIf no files are specified, \fIstdin\fR is printed. XOptions are provided for setting the width and height of the page, the Xnumber of columns to use (default 1), and the page to start with, among others. X X X / echo x - prep sed '/^X/s///' > prep << '/' X.CD "prep \(en prepare a text file for statistical analysis" X.SX "prep\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "prep infile >outfile" "Prepare \fIinfile\fR" X.PP X\fIPrep\fR strips off most of the troff commands from a text file and then Xoutputs all the words, one word per line, in the order they occur in the file. XThis file can then be sorted and compared to a dictionary (as a spelling Xchecker), or used for statistical analyses. X X X / echo x - pretty sed '/^X/s///' > pretty << '/' X.CD "pretty \(en \s-2MINIX\s0 pretty printer" X.SX "pretty \fIfile ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "pretty file1 file2" "Convert two files to \s-2MINIX\s0 layout" X.PP X\fIPretty\fR converts one or more C source files to X.MX Xformat by changing Xtheir layout. Running this program does not affect the resulting binary Xprograms. Actually, \fIpretty\fR is a postprocessor for \fIindent\fR, which Xmust be installed in \fI/bin\fR or \fI/usr/bin\fR. Although the output is Xnot bad, it is not entirely consistent with the book or even with itself. X X X / echo x - printenv sed '/^X/s///' > printenv << '/' X.CD "printenv \(en print out the current environment" X.SX "printenv" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "printenv" "Print the environment" X.PP X\fIPrintenv\fR prints out the current environment strings, one per line. X X X / echo x - printroot sed '/^X/s///' > printroot << '/' X.CD "printroot \(en print the name of the root device on standard output" X.SX "printroot" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "printroot" "Print the name of the root device" X.PP X.I Printroot Xis useful for initializing the \fI/etc/mtab\fR entry when the system is Xbooted. XIt figures out what the root device is by searching \fI/dev\fR until it Xfinds a block special file with the right major/minor device numbers. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - ps sed '/^X/s///' > ps << '/' X.CD "ps \(en process status" X.SX "ps [\(fB\(en\fR] [\(fBalxU\fR] [\(fBkernel mm fs\fR]" X.FL "\(ena" "Print all processes with controlling terminals" X.FL "\(enl" "Give long listing" X.FL "\(enx" "Include processes without a terminal" X.FL "\(enU" "Update (optional) name database" X.EX "ps \(enaxl" "Print all processes and tasks in long format" X.EX "ps \(enU /kernel /fs /mm" "Update database with given namelists" X.PP X\fIPs\fR prints the status of active processes. Normally only the caller's own Xprocesses are listed in short format (the PID, TTY, TIME and CMD fields as Xexplained below). The long listing contains: X.HS X.ta 0.5i 1.0i X F Kernel flags: X 001: free slot X 002: no memory map X 004: sending; X 010: receiving X 020: inform on pending signals X 040: pending signals X 100: being traced. X.HS X S X State: X R: runnable X W: waiting (on a message) X S: sleeping (i.e.,suspended on MM or FS) X Z: zombie X T: stopped X.HS X UID, PID, PPID, PGRP X The user, process, parent process and process group ID's. X.HS X ADDR, SZ X Decimal address and size of the process in kilobytes. X.HS X RECV X Process/task on which a receiving process is waiting or sleeping. X.HS X TTY X Controlling tty for the process. X.HS X TIME X Process' cumulative (user + system) execution time. X.HS X CMD Command line arguments of the process. X.HS X.PP XIf extra arguments (the kernel, mm and fs nonstripped executables) are Xgiven, these are used to obtain the system addresses from (instead of the Xdefault system executables). This applies to the \fB\(enU\fR option also. XThis option creates \fI/etc/psdatabase\fR that contains system addresses and Xterminal names, after which \fIps\fR is faster and doesn't need the system Xexecutables anymore. X.PP XThe default system executables are \fI/usr/src/{kernel/kernel,mm/mm,fs/fs}\fR. XIf the database is updated, an old psdatabase exists, and no paths are given to Xps, it uses the paths that were previously stored in the database. XA \fIps \(enU\fR" in \fI/etc/rc\fR thus generally ensures an up-to-date Xdatabase. X.PP XThe files \fI/dev/{mem,kmem}\fR are used to read the system tables and command Xline arguments from. Terminal names in \fI/dev\fR are used to generate the Xmnemonic names in the TTY column, so \fIps\fR is independent of terminal naming Xconventions. X.PP XWarning: \fIps\fR depends heavily on up-to-date system addresses and Xparameters. XIt prints messages when they appear to be outdated. / echo x - pwd sed '/^X/s///' > pwd << '/' X.CD "pwd \(en print working directory" X.SX "pwd" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "pwd~~~~~" "Print the name of the working directory" X.PP XThe full path name of the current working directory is printed. X X X / echo x - rcp sed '/^X/s///' > rcp << '/' X.CD "rcp \(en remote copy [IBM]" X.SX "rcp\fR [\fImachine1!\fR]\fIfile1\fR [\fImachine2!\fR]\fIfile2" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "rcp file mach1!/usr/ast/x" "Local \fIfile\fR to remote machine" X.EX "rcp mach2!/usr/ast/x file" "Fetch remote file \fIx\fR" X.PP X\fIRcp\fR is not a program. It is a shell script that does remote Xcopying. It makes use of the programs \fIto\fR and \fIfrom\fR. X X X / echo x - readall sed '/^X/s///' > readall << '/' X.CD "readall \(en read a device quickly to check for bad blocks" X.SX "readall\fR [\fB\(enbt\fR] \fIfile" X.FL "\(enb" "Produce shell script on \fIstdout\fR that calls \fIbadblocks\fR" X.FL "\(ent" "Just print device size" X.EX "readall /dev/hd0" "Read all of \fI/dev/hd0\fR" X.EX "readall -b /dev/hd1 >s" "Generate shell script on \fIs\fR" X.PP X\fIReadall\fR reads all of the named device in large chunks. XIt reports about blocks that it cannot read. XUnlike \fIdiskcheck\fR, it does not attempt to write on Xthe disk, making it safer to use when one is worried about a sick system. XWhen the \fB\(enb\fR flag is given, the output is a shell script that Xcalls the \fIbadblocks\fR program to marked all the bad blocks. XWhenever installing X.MX , Xit is wise to run \fIreadall\fR with the \fB\(enb\fR flag first on all Xthe hard disks. X X X / echo x - readclock sed '/^X/s///' > readclock << '/' X.CD "readclock \(en read the real time clock [IBM PC/AT and AMIGA]" X.SX "readclock" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "date \`/usr/bin/readclock\` readfs << '/' X.CD "readfs \(en read a \s-2MINIX\s0 file system" X.SX "readfs\fR [\fB\(enil\fR] \fIblock_special\fR [\fIdir\fR]" X.FL "\(eni" "Give information about the file, but do not extract files" X.FL "\(enl" "List the files extracted on standard output" X.EY "readfs \(enl /dev/fd0" "List contents of diskette" X disk" X.PP X\fIReadfs\fR reads a diskette containing a X.MX Xfile system. It can Xextract all the files from it, give a listing of them, or both. The files Xextracted can be put in a user-specified directory (default: current Xdirectory). If subdirectories are needed, they will be created automatically. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - recover sed '/^X/s///' > recover << '/' X.CD "recover \(en recover files that have been removed." X.SX "recover \fIfile ..." X.FL (none) X.EX "rm x; recover x" "Unremove x" X.EX "recover a b c" "Recover three files" X.PP XMINIX allows files that have been deleted (e.g., with \fIrm\fR) to be Xrestored (in \fI/tmp\fR). XThe trick is that when a file is unlinked, its i-node number is kept in Xthe directory entry. XAs long as the directory entry and disk blocks are not reused, the file Xcan be recovered. XThis program is actually just a little front end for \fIde\fR, which must be Xinstalled and executable ast setuid root. X X X X.SP 1.6 / echo x - ref sed '/^X/s///' > ref << '/' X.CD "ref \(en look up a reference in a \fItags\fR file" X.SX "ref \fIfunction\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "ref func" "Find \fIfunc\fR" X.PP X\fIRef\fR looks up a function name in the \fIrefs\fR file in the current Xdirectory. XThis file is usually made by \fIctags\fR. X X X X.SP 1.6 / echo x - rev sed '/^X/s///' > rev << '/' X.CD "rev \(en reverse the characters on each line of a file" X.SX "rev\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "rev file" "Reverse each line" X.PP XEach file is copied to standard output with all the characters of each line Xreversed, last one first and first one last. X X X X.SP 1.6 / echo x - rm sed '/^X/s///' > rm << '/' X############ NEXT ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED ############# X.CD "rm \(en remove a file" X.SX "rm\fR [\fB\(enRf\&ir\fR] \fIname\fR ..." X.FL "\(enf" "Forced remove: no questions asked" X.FL "\(eni" "Interactive remove: ask before removing" X.FL "\(enR" "Remove directories too" X.FL "\(enr" "Same as \fB\(enR\fR" X.EX "rm file" "Remove \fIfile\fR" X.EX "rm \(eni *.c" "Remove \fI.c\fP files, asking about each" X.PP X.I Rm Xremoves one or more files. XIf a file has no write permission, X.I rm Xasks for permission (type \*(OQy\*(CQ or \*(OQn\*(CQ) unless \fB\(enf\fR Xis specified. XIf the file is a directory, it will be recursively descended and removed Xif and only if the \fB\(enR\fR flag is present. X X X / echo x - rmaker sed '/^X/s///' > rmaker << '/' X.CD "rmaker \(en a simple resource compiler [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "rmaker \fIinputfile\fR \fIoutputfile\fR" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "rmaker boot.r vol:dir:f" "Compile the resource described in \fIboot.r\fB X.PP XRmaker will produce a Macintosh resource file from a resource input Xspecification. This is not a complete implementation of a resource Xcompiler, and it only understands a relatively small number of resource Xformats. The input syntax is similar to that of the well-known rmaker Xapplication. X.PP XThis is a partial list of the resource types it understands: X.HS X.ta 0.25i 1i X.nf X '\fBSTR \fR' Strings X '\fBBNDL\fR' Bundles X '\fBFREF\fR' File refs (for bundles) X '\fBHEXA\fR' Hex data X '\fBCODE\fR' Code X '\fBALRT\fR' Alerts X '\fBDITL\fR' Dialog item lists X '\fBDLOG\fR' Dialogs X '\fBWIND\fR' Window templates X '\fBMENU\fR' Menus X '\fBICON\fR' ICON X '\fBICN#\fR' ICON lists X '\fBCURS\fR' Cursors X '\fBPAT \fR' Patterns X.fi X X X / echo x - rmdir sed '/^X/s///' > rmdir << '/' X.CD "rmdir \(en remove a directory" X.SX "rmdir \fIdirectory ... X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "rmdir /user/ast/foobar" "Remove directory \fIfoobar\fP" X.EX "rmdir /user/ast/f*" "Remove 0 or more directories" X.PP XThe specified directories are removed. XOrdinary files are not removed. XThe directories must be empty. X X X / echo x - roff sed '/^X/s///' > roff << '/' X.CD "roff \(en text formatter" X.SX "roff\fR [\fB\(enhs\fR]\fR [\fB+\fIn\fR] [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enh" "Expand tabs to spaces in output" X.FL "\(ens" "Stop before each page; continue on DEL" X.FL "+\fIn\fP" "Start printing with page \fIn\fP" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fP" "Stop after page \fIn\fP" X.EX "roff file" "Run off \fIfile\fP" X.EX "roff +5 file" "Run off \fIfile\fP starting at page 5" X.PP X.I Roff Xis a text formatter. XIts input consists of the text to be output, intermixed with formatting commands. XA formatting command is a line containing the control character followed by Xa two character command name, and possibly one or more arguments. XThe control character is initially \*(OQ.\*(CQ (dot). XThe formatted output is produced on standard output. X.PP XThe formatting commands are listed below, with X.I n Xbeing a number, X.I c Xbeing a character, and X.I t Xbeing a title. XA + before \fIn\fP means it may be signed, indicating a positive or negative Xchange from the current value. XInitial values for X.I n , Xwhere relevant, are given in parentheses. X.HS X.ta 0.25i 1i X.nf X \fB.ad\fP Adjust right margin. X \fB.ar\fP Arabic page numbers. X \fB.br\fP Line break. Subsequent text will begin on a new line. X \fB.bl\fP n Insert \fIn\fP blank lines. X \fB.bp\fP +n Begin new page and number it \fIn\fP. No \fIn\fP means +1. X \fB.cc\fP c Control character is set to \fIc\fP. X \fB.ce\fP n Center the next \fIn\fP input lines. X \fB.de\fP zz Define a macro called \fIzz\fP. A line with \*(OQ..\*(CQ ends definition. X \fB.ds\fP Double space the output. Same as \fB.ls 2\fP. X \fB.ef\fP t Even page footer title is set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.eh\fP t Even page header title is set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.fi\fP Begin filling output lines as full as possible. X \fB.fo\fP t Footer titles (even and odd) are set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.hc\fP c The character \fIc\fP (e.g., %) tells \fIroff\fP where hyphens are permitted. X \fB.he\fP t Header titles (even and odd) are set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.hx\fP Header titles are suppressed. X \fB.hy\fP n Hyphenation is done if \fIn\fP is 1, suppressed if it is 0. Default is 1. X \fB.ig\fP Ignore input lines until a line beginning with \*(OQ..\*(CQ is found. X \fB.in\fP n Indent \fIn\fP spaces from the left margin; force line break. X \fB.ix\fP n Same as \fI.in\fP but continue filling output on current line. X \fB.li\fP n Literal text on next \fIn\fP lines. Copy to output unmodified. X \fB.ll\fP +n Line length (including indent) is set to \fIn\fP (65). X \fB.ls\fP +n Line spacing: \fIn\fP (1) is 1 for single spacing, 2 for double, etc. X \fB.m1\fP n Insert \fIn\fP (2) blank lines between top of page and header. X \fB.m2\fP n Insert \fIn\fP (2) blank lines between header and start of text. X \fB.m3\fP n Insert \fIn\fP (1) blank lines between end of text and footer. X \fB.m4\fP n Insert \fIn\fP (3) blank lines between footer and end of page. X \fB.na\fP No adjustment of the right margin. X \fB.ne\fP n Need \fIn\fP lines. If fewer are left, go to next page. X \fB.nn\fP +n The next \fIn\fP output lines are not numbered. X \fB.n1\fP Number output lines in left margin starting at 1. X \fB.n2\fP n Number output lines starting at \fIn\fP. If 0, stop numbering. X \fB.ni\fP +n Indent line numbers by \fIn\fP (0) spaces. X \fB.nf\fP No more filling of lines. X \fB.nx\fP f Switch input to file \fIf\fP. X \fB.of\fP t Odd page footer title is set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.oh\fP t Odd page header title is set to \fIt\fP. X \fB.pa\fP +n Page adjust by \fIn\fP (1). Same as .bp X \fB.pl\fP +n Paper length is \fIn\fP (66) lines. X \fB.po\fP +n Page offset. Each line is started with \fIn\fP (0) spaces. X \fB.ro\fP Page numbers are printed in Roman numerals. X \fB.sk\fP n Skip \fIn\fP pages (i.e., make them blank), starting with next one. X \fB.sp\fP n Insert \fIn\fP blank lines, except at top of page. X \fB.ss\fP Single spacing. Equivalent to .ls 1. X \fB.ta\fP Set tab stops, e.g., .ta 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 (default). X \fB.tc\fP c Tabs are expanded into \fIc\fP. Default is space. X \fB.ti\fP n Indent next line \fIn\fP spaces; then go back to previous indent. X \fB.tr\fP ab Translate \fIa\fP into \fIb\fP on output. X \fB.ul\fP n Underline the letters and numbers in the next \fIn\fP lines. X.fi X X X / echo x - rsh sed '/^X/s///' > rsh << '/' X.CD "rsh \(en remote shell for networking [IBM]" X.SX "rsh [\fB\(enbei\fR] \fIport\fR" X.FL "\(enb" "Start the rsh in the background" X.FL "\(ene" "Keep \fIstderr\fR separate from \fIstdout\fR" X.FL "\(eni" "Take input from the local process" X.EX "rsh machine5 "ls \(enl /usr/bin"" "List remote \fIbin\fR directory" X.EX "rsh abc cat /usr/doc/f >f" "Fetch remote file" X.EX "rsh foobar" "Log onto remote machine" X.PP XThe remote shell command is the way to have a distant server carry out Xa command over the Ethernet. The port given as the first argument can be Xany string of up to 6 characters, but it must match the port used by some Xsherver. The command will be executed and the results returned on \fIstdout\fR. XUnless the \fB\(ene\fR flag is given, the remote X\fIstderr\fR and \fIstdout\fR are merged onto the Xlocal \fIstdout\fR. Giving X\fIrsh\fR with just a port and no argument is the standard way Xto log onto a remote machine. X X X / echo x - rz sed '/^X/s///' > rz << '/' X.CD "rz \(en receive a file using the zmodem protocol" X.SX "rz\fR [\(en\fBabepqvy\fR]\fR [\fB\(ent \fItimeout\fR] X.FL "\(ena" "CP/M to UNIX conventions" X.FL "\(enb" "Binary file" X.FL "\(ene" "Escape for all control characters" X.FL "\(enp" "Protect file if it already exists" X.FL "\(enq" "Quiet; opposite of verbose" X.FL "\(ent" "Set \fItimeout\fR in tenths of a second" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; opposite of quiet" X.FL "\(eny" "Yes, clobber existing files" X.EX "rz /dev/tty1" "Receive a file" X.PP X\fIRz\fR is a program that accepts a file sent from another computer using the Xzmodem protocol. XIt is a highly complex program. XSee Chap 9 for more details. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - sed sed '/^X/s///' > sed << '/' X.CD "sed \(en stream editor" X.SX "sed\fR [\fB\(enegn\fR]\fR [\fB\(enf \fIscript_file\fR]\fR [\fIedit_script\fR] [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\(ene" "Accept multiple commands commands on the commands line" X.FL "\(enf" "The following argument contains the edit script" X.FL "\(eng" "Set the global flag on all substitute commands" X.FL "\(enn" "Only output selected lines" X.EX "sed \(enf script settype << '/' X.CD "settype \(en set type and/or creator of a Mac file [MACINTOSH]" X.SX "settype \fR [\fB\(enc \fRcreator] [\fB\(ent \fRtype] \fIfile\fR" X.FL "\(enc" "Set the creator flag" X.FL "\(ent" "Set the type flag" X.EX "settype vol:dir:f" "Show the type and creator flags of file \fIf\fR" X.EX "settype -t TEXT vol:f" "Set the type of the file \fIf\fR to TEXT" X.PP X.I Settype Xwill report or set the creator and/or type of the specified Macintosh file. X X X X.SP 2 / echo x - sh sed '/^X/s///' > sh << '/' X.CD "sh \(en shell" X.SX "sh\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "sh < script" "Run a shell script" X.PP X.I Sh Xis the shell. XIt permits redirection of input and output, pipes, magic characters, Xbackground processes, shell scripts and most of the other features of Xthe V7 (Bourne) shell. XA few of the more common commands are listed below: X.nf X.ta 2i 2.5i 3i X.HS X.in +0.25i Xdate # Regular command Xsort file2 # Redirect \fIstdin\fR and \fIstdout\fR Xcc file.c 2>error # Redirect \fIstderr\fR Xa.out >f 2>&1 # Combine standard output and standard error Xsort >file2 # Append output to \fIfile2\fR Xsort file2 & # Background job X(ls \(enl; a.out) & # Run two background commands sequentially Xsort shar << '/' X.CD "shar \(en shell archiver" X.SX "shar \fIfile ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "shar *.c >s" "Collect C programs in shell archive" X.EX "sh sherver << '/' X.CD "sherver \(en shell server [IBM]" X.SX "sherver \fIport" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "sherver machine1" "Start a sherver listening to \fIport\fR" X.PP XThe \fIrsh\fR command does its remote execution by doing a remote Xprocedure call to some sherver. XThe sherver executes the command and then exits. Usually a Xmaster will be running to make a new one. Because shervers get their input Xfrom a pipe, remote execution cannot handle signals and CTRL-D, because they Xcannot be sent down a pipe. X X X / echo x - size sed '/^X/s///' > size << '/' X.CD "size \(en print text, data, and bss size of a program" X.SX "size\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "size file" "Print the size of \fIfile\fP" X.PP XThe text, data, bss, and total sizes for each argument are printed. XIf no arguments are present, X.I a.out Xis assumed. XThe amount of memory available for combined stack and data segment growth Xis printed in the column \*(OQstack.\*(CQ XThis is the value manipulated by the X.I chmem Xcommand. XThe total amount of memory allocated to the program when it is loaded is Xlisted under \*(OQmemory.\*(CQ XThis value is just the sum of the other four columns. X X X / echo x - sleep sed '/^X/s///' > sleep << '/' X.CD "sleep \(en suspend execution for a given number of seconds" X.SX "sleep \fIseconds" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "sleep 10" "Suspend execution for 10 sec." X.PP XThe caller is suspended for the indicated number of seconds. XThis command is typically used in shell scripts. X X X / echo x - sort sed '/^X/s///' > sort << '/' X.CD "sort \(en sort a file of ASCII lines" X.SX "sort\fR [\fB\(enbcdf\&imnru\fR]\fR [\fB\(ent\fIc\fR] [\fB\(eno \fIname\fR] [\fB+\fIpos1\fR] [\fB\(en\fIpos2\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enb" "Skip leading blanks when making comparisons" X.FL "\(enc" "Check to see if a file is sorted" X.FL "\(end" "Dictionary order: ignore punctuation" X.FL "\(enf" "Fold upper case onto lower case" X.FL "\(eni" "Ignore nonASCII characters" X.FL "\(enm" "Merge presorted files" X.FL "\(enn" "Numeric sort order" X.FL "\(eno" "Next argument is output file" X.FL "\(enr" "Reverse the sort order" X.FL "\(ent" "Following character is field separator" X.FL "\(enu" "Unique mode (delete duplicate lines)" X.EX "sort \(ennr file" "Sort keys numerically, reversed" X.EX "sort +2 \(en4 file" "Sort using fields 2 and 3 as key" X.EX "sort +2 \(ent: \(eno out" "Field separator is \fI:\fP" X.EX "sort +.3 \(en.6" "Characters 3 through 5 form the key" X.PP X.I Sort Xsorts one or more files. XIf no files are specified, \fIstdin\fR is sorted. XOutput is written on standard output, unless \fB\(eno\fP is specified. XThe options \fB+\fIpos1 \fB\(en\fIpos2\fR use only fields \fIpos1\fR Xup to but not including \fIpos2\fR as the sort key, where a field is a Xstring of characters delimited by spaces and tabs, unless a different field Xdelimiter is specified with \fB\(ent\fR. XBoth \fIpos1\fR and \fIpos2\fR have the form \fIm.n\fR where \fIm\fR tells Xthe number of fields and \fIn\fR tells the number of characters. XEither \fIm\fR or \fIn\fR may be omitted. X X X / echo x - spell sed '/^X/s///' > spell << '/' X.CD "spell \(en print all words in a file not present in the dictionary" X.SX "spell \fIfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "spell document" "Print the spelling errors on \fIstdout\fR" X.PP X\fISpell\fR is the X.MX Xspelling checker. XIt is actually a short shell script. XFirst, the program \fIprep\fR strips off the \fIroff\fR, X\fInroff\fR, and \fItroff\fR control lines, Xand the punctuation, and lists each word on a separate line. These words are Xthen sorted. The resulting output is then compared to the dictionary. Words Xpresent in the file but not present in the dictionary are listed. The Xdictionary must be located in \fI/usr/lib/dictionary\fR. X X X / echo x - split sed '/^X/s///' > split << '/' X.CD "split \(en split a large file into several smaller files" X.SX "split\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR]\fR [\fIfile \fR[\fIprefix\fR]\fR]" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fP" "Number of lines per piece (default: 1000)" X.EX "split \(en200 file" "Split \fIfile\fP into pieces of 200 lines each" X.EX "split file z" "Split \fIfile\fP into \fIzaa\fP, \fIzab\fP, etc." X.PP X.I Split Xreads \fIfile\fP and writes it out in \fIn\fP-line pieces. XBy default, the pieces are called \fIxaa\fP, \fIxab\fP, etc. XThe optional second argument can be used to provide an alternative Xprefix for the output file names. X X X / echo x - strings sed '/^X/s///' > strings << '/' X.CD "strings \(en print all the strings in a binary file" X.SX "strings\fR [\fB\(en\fR] [\fB\(eno\fR]\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIfile ..." X.FL "\(en" "search whole file, not just data seg" X.FL "\(eno" "Print octal offset of each string" X.FL "\(en\fIn" "\fIn\fR is minimum length string (default = 4)" X.EX "strings \(en5 a.out" "Print the strings > 4 chars in \fIa.out\fR" X.EX "strings \(en /bin/sh" "Search entire shell file (text and data)" X.PP X\fIStrings\fR looks for sequences of ASCII characters followed by a zero Xbyte. XThese are usually strings. This program is typically used to help identify Xunknown binary programs X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - strip sed '/^X/s///' > strip << '/' X.CD "strip \(en remove symbol table from executable file" X.SX "strip\fR [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "strip a.out" "Remove symbols from \fIa.out\fR" X.PP XFor each file argument, \fIstrip\fR removes the symbol table. XStrip makes a copy of the file being stripped, so links are lost. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - stterm sed '/^X/s///' > stterm << '/' X.CD "stterm \(en turn system into a dumb terminal [68000]" X.SX "stterm \fR[\fB\(ens \fIspeed\fR] [\fB\(enl \fIline\fR] [\fB\(ene \fIescapechar\fR]" X.FL "\(ens" "Specify speed (default is 9600 baud)" X.FL "\(enl" "Specify line (default is /dev/tty1)" X.FL "\(ene" "Redefine escape character (default is tilde)" X.EY "stterm \(ens 1200" "Talk to /dev/tty1 at 1200 baud" X.PP X.I Stterm Xallows X.MX Xto talk to a terminal or modem over an RS232 line. XIt starts two other programs, a reader and a writer. XThe reader monitors the RS232 line and copies all characters to the Xscreen, while the writer monitors the keyboard and copies all Xcharacters to the RS232 line. X.PP XSince all characters are transferred to the RS232 line, a special Xescape character is present to control the behaviour of X.I stterm Xitself. XBy default the escape character is the \(ap character, but it can be Xredefined using the \fB\(ene\fR flag. XIf the escape character is followed by a period or a CTRL-D Xcharacter, the program terminates. XIf the escape character is followed by an ! (exclamation mark) Xa subshell is started. XTo transmit the escape character, enter it twice. XAn escape character followed by something other than CTRL-D, period, Xexclamation mark, or another escape character is invalid and generates Xan error message. X X X / echo x - stty sed '/^X/s///' > stty << '/' X.CD "stty \(en set terminal parameters" X.SX "stty\fR [\fIoption ...\fR] X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "stty \(enecho" "Suppress echoing of input" X.EX "stty erase #" "Set the erase character to \fI#\fP" X.PP XWhen given no arguments, X.I stty Xprints the current terminal parameters. XIt can also be used to set the parameters, as follows: X.ta 0.25i 1i X.HS X \fBcbreak\fP \(en Enter \fIcbreak\fP mode; erase and kill disabled X.br X \fBecho\fP \(en Echo input on the terminal X.br X \fBnl\fP \(en Accept only line feed to end lines X.br X \fBraw\fP \(en Enter \fIraw\fP mode; no input processing at all X.br X \fBtabs\fP \(en Output tabs (do not expand to spaces) X.br X \fBerase\fR c \(en Set erase character (initially backspace) X.br X \fBint\fR c \(en Set interrupt (SIGINT) character (initially DEL) X.br X \fBkill\fR c \(en Set kill line character (initially @) X.br X \fBquit\fR c \(en Set quit (SIGQUIT) character (initially CTRL-\\) X.br X \fBeven\fR \(en Use even parity X.br X \fBodd\fR \(en Use odd parity X.br X \fB[5-8]\fR \(en Number of bits per character X.br X \fB[110-9600]\fR \(en Baud rate X.br X \fBdefault\fR \(en Set options back to original values X.HS XThe first five options may be prefixed by \fB\(en\fP as in \fB\(entabs\fP Xto turn the option off. XThe next four options each have a single character parameter separated by a Xspace from the option. XThe \fBdefault\fR option sets the mode and the four settable characters back Xto the values they had when the system was booted. XIt is useful when a rogue program has messed them up. X X X X.SP 2.0 / echo x - su sed '/^X/s///' > su << '/' X.CD "su \(en temporarily log in as superuser or another user" X.SX "su\fR [\fIname\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "su~~~~" "Become superuser" X.EX "su ast" "Become \fIast\fR" X.PP X.I Su Xcan be used to temporarily login as another user. XIt prompts for the superuser password. XIf the correct password is entered, X.I su Xcreates a shell with the desired uid. XIf no name is specified, \fIroot\fR is assumed. XTo exit the temporary shell, type CTRL-D. XWhen memory is tight, it is better to become superuser by logging out and Xthen logging in again as \fIroot\fR, rather than using \fIsu\fR since the Xlatter creates an extra shell in memory. X X / echo x - sum sed '/^X/s///' > sum << '/' X.CD "sum \(en compute the checksum and block count of a file" X.SX "sum \fIfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "sum /user/ast/xyz" "Checksum \fI/user/ast/xyz" X.PP X.I Sum Xcomputes the checksum of one or more files. XIt is most often used to see if a file copied from another machine has Xbeen correctly received. XThis program works best when both machines use the same checksum algorithm. XSee also \fIcrc\fR. X X X X.SP 2 / echo x - svc sed '/^X/s///' > svc << '/' X.CD "svc \(en shell version control system" X.SX "ci\fR [\fB\(enlu\fR]\fR \fIfile" X.SX "co\fR [\fB\(enl\fR]\fR [\fB\(enr \fIrev\fR] \fIfile" X.SX "svc \fIfile" X.FL "\(enl" "For \fIci\fR, checkin, checkout again, and lock file" X.FL "\(enl" "For \fIco\fR, checkout file and then lock the archive" X.FL "\(enu" "After checking in, do not delete the file" X.FL "\(enr" "Check out revision \fIrev\fR instead most recent revision X.EX "ci \(enu file" "Check in \fIfile\fR" X.EX "co \(enl file" "Check out \fIfile\fR and lock archive" X.EX "co \(enr 2 file" "Check out version 2" X.PP X\fISvc\fR is the Shell Version Control system, patterned on RCS. XIt maintains a sequence of versions in archive files, so that new versions Xcan be checked in (added to the archive), and old versions can be checked Xout (made available). XTo create an archive for \fIfile\fR, check it in with the \fB\(enu\fR flag. XThis action will prompt for a log message and then create an archive called X\fIfile,S\fR in the current directory, or in the subdirectory \fISVC\fR if Xit exists. XThe file will not be deleted, but will be made unwritable. X.PP XTo update the file, check it out with the \fB\(enl\fR flag. XThen modify it, and check it back in, giving a new message when prompted. XAfter this process has been repeated many times, the archive will contain Xthe entire history. XAny version can be checked out using the \fB\(enr\fR flag. XTo get a printout of the history, use \fIsvclog\fR. X X X / echo x - sync sed '/^X/s///' > sync << '/' X.CD "sync \(en flush the cache to disk" X.SX "sync" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "sync" "Write out all modified cache blocks" X.PP X.MX Xmaintains a cache of recently used disk blocks. XThe X.I sync Xcommand writes any modified cache blocks back to the disk. XThis is essential before stopping the system, and should be done before Xrunning any X.I a.out Xprogram that might crash. X X X / echo x - sz sed '/^X/s///' > sz << '/' X.CD "sz \(en send a file using the zmodem protocol" X.SX "sz\fR [\fB\(enLNbdefnopqruvy+\fR]\fR [\fB\(enci \fIcommand\fR] [\fB\(enLl\fR n\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItimeout\fR] X.FL "\(enL" "Use \fIn\fR-byte packets" X.FL "\(enN" "Overwrite if source is newer/longer" X.FL "\(enb" "Binary file" X.FL "\(enc" "Send command for execution" X.FL "\(end" "Convert dot to slash in names" X.FL "\(ene" "Escape for all control characters" X.FL "\(enf" "Send full path name" X.FL "\(eni" "Send command and return immediately" X.FL "\(enl" "Flow control every \fIn\fR packets" X.FL "\(enn" "Overwrite destination if source is newer" X.FL "\(eno" "Use old (16-bit) checksum" X.FL "\(enp" "Protect file if it already exists" X.FL "\(enq" "Quiet; opposite of verbose" X.FL "\(enr" "Resume interrupt file transfer" X.FL "\(ent" "Set \fItimeout\fR in tenths of a second" X.FL "\(enu" "Unlink file after successful transmission" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose; opposite of quiet" X.FL "\(eny" "Yes, clobber existing files" X.FL "\(en+" "Append to an existing file" X.EY "sz file /dev/tty1" "Send \fIfile\fR" X.PP XXMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM are a family of protocols that are widely used Xis the \s-2MS-DOS\s0 world for transferring information reliably from one Xcomputer to another. In all of these protocols, a series of bytes are sent Xfrom one computer to the other, and then an acknowledgement is sent back Xto confirm correct reception. Checksums are used to detect errors so that Xtransmission is reliable even in the face of noisy telephone lines. X\fISz\fR is a program that sends a file sent from another computer using the Xzmodem protocol. XThe file can be received using \fIrz\fR. XBoth are a highly complex programs. XSee Chap. 9 for more information. XFor an alternative, see \fIkermit\fR. X X X / echo x - tail sed '/^X/s///' > tail << '/' X.CD "tail \(en print the last few lines of a file" X.SX "tail\fR [\fB\(enc \fIn\fR] [\fB\(enf] [\fB\(enn \fIn\fR] [\fIfile\fR] ..." X.FL "\(enc" "The count refers to characters" X.FL "\(enf" "On FIFO or special file, keep reading after EOF" X.FL "\(enn" "The count refers to lines" X.EX "tail \(enn 6" "Print last 6 lines of \fIstdin\fR" X.EX "tail \(enc 20 file" "Print the last 20 characters of \fIfile\fR" X.EX "tail \(enn 1 file1 file2" "Print last line of two files" X.EX "tail \(enn +8 file" "Print the tail starting with line 8" X.PP XThe last few lines of one or more files are printed. XThe default count is 10 lines. XThe default file is \fIstdin\fR. XIf the value of \fIn\fR for the \fB\(enc\fR or \fB\(enn\fR flags starts with Xa + sign, counting starts at the beginning, rather than the end of the file. X X X / echo x - tar sed '/^X/s///' > tar << '/' X.CD "tar \(en tape archiver" X.SX "tar\fR [\fBFcotvx\fR]\fR [\fBf\fR] \fItarfile \fIfile ... X.FL "F" "Force tar to continue after an error" X.FL "c" "Create a new archive; add named files" X.FL "o" "Set uid/gid to original values on extraction" X.FL "f" "Next argument is name of tarfile" X.FL "t" "Print a table listing the archive's contents" X.FL "v" "Verbose mode-tell what is going on as it happens" X.FL "x" "The named files are extracted from the archive" X.EX "tar c /dev/fd1 ." "Back up current directory to \fI/dev/fd1\fR" X.EX "tar xv /dev/fd1 file1 file2" "Extract two files from the archive" X.EX "tar cf \(en | (cd dest; tar xf \(en)" "Copy current directory to \fIdest\fR" X.PP X\fITar\fR is a POSIX-compatible archiver, except that it does not use tape. XIt's primary advantage over X.I ar Xis that the X.I tar Xformat is somewhat more standardized than the X.I ar Xformat, making it theoretically possible to transport X.MX Xfiles to another computer, but do not bet on it. XIf the target machine runs X.SY MS-DOS , Xtry X.I doswrite . X X X / echo x - tee sed '/^X/s///' > tee << '/' X.CD "tee \(en divert \fIstdin\fP to a file" X.SX "tee\fR [\fB\(enai\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(ena" "Append to the files, rather than overwriting" X.FL "\(eni" "Ignore interrupts" X.EX "cat file1 file2 | tee x" "Save and display two files" X.EX "pr file | tee x | lpr" "Save the output of \fIpr\fP on \fIx\fP" X.PP X.I Tee Xcopies \fIstdin\fR to standard output. XIt also makes copies on all the files listed as arguments. X X X / echo x - term sed '/^X/s///' > term << '/' X.CD "term \(en turn PC into a dumb terminal [IBM]" X.SX "term\fR [\fIbaudrate\fR]\fR [\fIparity\fR] [\fIbits_per_character\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "term 2400" "Talk to modem at 2400 baud" X.EX "term 1200 7 even" "1200 baud, 7 bits/char, even parity" X.EX "term 8 9600" "9600 baud, 8 bits/char, no parity" X.PP X\fITerm\fR allows X.MX Xto talk to a terminal or modem over RS232 Xport 1. The program first sets the baudrate, parity and character length, Xand then forks. XThe parent sits in a loop copying from \fIstdin\fR (usually the console's Xkeyboard), to the terminal or modem (\fI/dev/tty1\fR). XThe child sits in a loop Xcopying from the terminal or modem (\fI/dev/tty1\fR) to standard output. XThus when XRS232 port 1 is connected to a modem, every keystroke typed on the keyboard Xis sent to the modem, and every character arriving from the modem is displayed. XStandard input and output may be redirected, to provide a primitive file Xtransfer program, with no checking. To exit \fIterm\fR, Xhit the middle button on the numeric pad. XImportant note: to use \fIterm\fR, it is essential that X\fI/etc/ttys\fR is configured so Xthat there is no shell hanging on \fI/dev/tty1\fR. XIf there is, both the shell and Xterm will try to read from \fI/dev/tty1\fR, and nothing will work. X X X X.SP 0.5 / echo x - termcap sed '/^X/s///' > termcap << '/' X.CD "termcap \(en print the current termcap entry" X.SX "termcap\fR [\fItype\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "termcap" "Print the termcap entry" X.PP X\fITermcap\fR reads the /etc/termcap entry corresponding to the Xterminal type Xsupplied as the argument. If none is given, the current $TERM is used. XIt then prints out all the parameters that apply. X X X X.SP 0.5 / echo x - test sed '/^X/s///' > test << '/' X.CD "test \(en test for a condition" X.SX "test \fIexpr" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "test \(enr file" "See if file is readable" X.PP X\fITest\fR checks to see if files exist, are readable, etc. and returns Xan exit status of zero if true and nonzero if false. The legal operators are X.sp X.nf X.ta 0.5i 1.5i X \(enr file true if the file is readable X \(enw file true if the file is writable X \(enx file true if the file is executable X \(enf file true if the file is not a directory X \(end file true if the file is a directory X \(ens file true if the file exists and has a size > 0 X \(ent fd true if file descriptor fd (default 1) is a terminal X \(enz s true if the string s has zero length X \(enn s true if the string s has nonzero length X s1 = s2 true if the strings s1 and s2 are identical X s1 != s2 true if the strings s1 and s2 are different X m \(eneq m true if the integers m and n are numerically equal X.fi X XThe operators \fB\(engt\fR, \fB\(enge\fR, \fB\(enne\fR, \fB\(enle\fR, and X\fB\(enlt\fR may be used as well. XThese operands may be combined with \fB\(ena\fR (Boolean and), X\fB\(eno\fR (Boolean or), ! X(negation). XThe priority of \fB\(ena\fR is higher than that of \fB\(eno\fR. XParentheses are permitted, but must be escaped to keep the shell from trying Xto interpret them. X X X / echo x - time sed '/^X/s///' > time << '/' X.CD "time \(en report how long a command takes" X.SX "time \fIcommand" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "time a.out" "Report how long \fIa.out\fR takes" X.EX "time ls \(enl *.c" "Report how long \fIls\fR takes" X.PP XThe command is executed and the real time, user time, and system time (in Xhours, minutes, and seconds) are printed. XShell scripts cannot be timed. X X X / echo x - to sed '/^X/s///' > to << '/' X.CD "to \(en output half of a connection [IBM]" X.SX "to \fIport" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "cat f1 f2 | to mach4" "Send the catted files to port" X.PP X\fITo\fR and X\fIfrom\fR are used together to provide connection-oriented service. XOn the sending machine, the last member of a pipeline is \fIto port\fR. XOn the Xreceiving machine, the first member of a pipe line is \fIfrom port\fR. The net Xresult is that the output of the sending pipeline goes into the input of the Xreceiving pipeline, making pipelines work across the network. As a simple Xexample, consider: X.HS X.nf X on machine1: cat f1 f2 | to Johnny X on machine2: from Johnny | sort >x X.fi X.HS XThe effect of these two commands is that the files f1 and f2 are concatenated, Xtransferred to machine 2, and sorted there, with the output going to a file X\fIx\fR Xon machine 2. The string \fIJohnny\fR is used by Xthe transaction system to identify Xwhich sender goes with which receiver; any unique string can be used. XMultiple transfers may take place simultaneously between different pairs Xof machines on the same Ethernet. X X X / echo x - tos sed '/^X/s///' > tos << '/' X.CD "tos \(en list, read and write \s-2TOS\s0 file systems [ATARI]" X.SX "tos \(en[Radlrw] \fIdrive\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\(enR" "Recursively descend directories when listing them" X.FL "\(ena" "Read or write ASCII file" X.FL "\(end" "Directory list" X.FL "\(enl" "Use long format for directory listing" X.FL "\(enr" "Read a \s-2TOS\s0 file into \s-2MINIX\s0" X.FL "\(enw" "Write a \s-2MINIX\s0" file to \s-2TOS\s0" X.EX "tos \(endl 1" "List root directory on /dev/fd1" X.EX "tos \(enr hd4 g/adv >adv" "Read file \fIg/adv\fR from \fI/dev/hd4\fR" X.EX "tos \(enwa /dev/fd0 f" "Copy ASCII \fIstdin\fR to \fIf\fR on \fI/dev/fd0\fR" X.PP X.I Tos Xknows about \s-2TOS\s0 file system structures on diskettes and hard disks. XIt can list directories and read and write files. XSlashes should be used in file names, even though \s-2TOS\s0 uses backslashes. XThe drive can be specified as number (in which case it is appended to X\fI/dev/fd\fR), Xas absolute path name (like \fI/dev/fd0\fR), or as suffix Xto \fI/dev/\fR (like \fIhd4\fR). XASCII files have the final CTRL-Z stripped, and \fITOS\fR carriage return Xplus line feed is mapped to X.MX Xline feed. X.I Tos Xmay be linked to X.I tosdir , X.I tosread Xand X.I toswrite , Xin which case the \fB\(end\fR, \fB\(enr\fR, and \fB\(enw\fR flags are not Xneeded. X X X / echo x - touch sed '/^X/s///' > touch << '/' X.CD "touch \(en update a file's time of last modification" X.SX "touch\fR [\fB\(enc\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enc" "Do not create the file" X.EY "touch *.h" "Make the \fI.h\fP files look recent" X.PP XThe time of last modification is set to the current time. XThis command is mostly used to trick X.I make Xinto thinking that a file is more recent than it really is. XIf the file being touched does not exist, it is created, unless the \fB\(enc\fR Xflag is present. X X X / echo x - tr sed '/^X/s///' > tr << '/' X.CD "tr \(en translate character codes" X.SX "tr\fR [\fB\(encds\fR]\fR [\fIstring1\fR] [\fIstring2\fR]" X.FL "\(enc" "Complement the set of characters in \fIstring1\fR" X.FL "\(end" "Delete all characters specified in \fIstring1\fR" X.FL "\(ens" "Squeeze all runs of characters in \fIstring1\fR to one character" X.EX "tr \(fm[a\(enz]\(fm \(fm[A\(enZ]\(fm y~~~~~" "Convert upper case to lower case" X.EX "tr \(end \(fm0123456789\(fm f2~~" "Delete all digits from \fIf1\fR" X.PP X.I Tr Xperforms simple character translation. XWhen no flag is specified, each character in X.I string1 Xis mapped onto the corresponding character in X.I string2 . X X X / echo x - transfer sed '/^X/s///' > transfer << '/' X.CD "transfer \(en read, write and format diskettes [AMIGA]" X.SX "transfer \fR[\fB\(enf\fR] [\fB\(enr\fR] [\fB\(enw \fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\(enf" "Format a diskette (9 sectors/track)" X.FL "\(enr" "Read a file from a special diskette on \fIstdout\fR" X.FL "\(enw" "Write \fIfile\fR to a diskette" X.EX "transfer \(enf" "Format a diskette (9 sectors/track)" X.EX "transfer \(enr" "Read a file from a special diskette" X.EX "transfer \(enw /etc/passwd" "Write /etc/passwd to a special diskette" X.PP X.I Transfer Xreads and writes a file from and to a special diskette, one file per diskette. XThis diskette can only be used to transfer files from and to AmigaDOS, Xbecause nobody else can read it. Besides reading and writing diskettes, Xthe AmigaDOS version of X.I transfer Xcan also format diskettes using the \fB\(enf\fR option. XIf you already have Xan AmigaDOS program which can read and write diskettes you might Xalso use \fItos\fR to exchange files between X.MX Xand AmigaDOS. X.PP XA typical session to copy \fIminix.img\fR from X.MX Xto AmigaDOS might look like this: X.HS X.Cx "# transfer \(enw minix.img" X.HS X\fIMinix.img\fR will be written to diskette. When \fItransfer\fR is ready you Xcan log out, and reboot the Amiga. Hit CTRL-D to abort the Xstartup-sequence and type X.HS X.Cx "1> cd RAM:" X.br X.Cx "1> transfer \(enr" X.HS Xto read \fIminix.img\fR and type X.HS X.Cx "1> copy minix.img DF0:" X.HS Xto copy \fIminix.img\fR onto an AmigaDOS diskette. X.PP XImportant note: when \fItransfer\fR tells you to insert a special diskette Xand hit return, \fIdo not\fR do so before the drive LED has gone out, Xto prevent the Amiga from crashing. X X X / echo x - traverse sed '/^X/s///' > traverse << '/' X.CD "traverse \(en print directory tree under the named directory" X.SX "traverse \fIdir" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "traverse ." "Print tree starting at working dir" X.PP X\fITraverse\fR prints the tree structure starting at the named directory. XAll the subdirectories are listed, with the depth shown by indentation. X X X X.SP 1 / echo x - treecmp sed '/^X/s///' > treecmp << '/' X.CD "treecmp \(en recursively list differences in two directory trees" X.SX "treecmp\fR [\fB\(encv\fR] \fIolddir newdir" X.FL "\(enc" "(changes) list the names of changed or new files" X.FL "\(env" "(verbose) list all directories processed" X.EY "treecmp \(env /usr/ast/V1 /usr/ast/V2" "Compare two trees" X.PP X\fITreecmp\fR recursively descends the directory tree of its second Xargument and compares all files to those at the corresponding position in Xthe first argument. XIf the two trees are identical, i.e., all the corresponding Xdirectories and files are the same, there is no output. Otherwise, a list Xof files missing from one of the trees or present in both but whose contents Xare not identical in both are printed. XWhen the \fB\(enc\fR flag is given, only files that are changed from the old Xversion or are new (i.e., absent in the old version) are listed. X X X / echo x - true sed '/^X/s///' > true << '/' X.CD "true \(en exit with the value true" X.SX "true" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "while true" "List the directory until DEL is hit" X.br X do ls \(enl X.br X done X.PP XThis command returns the value X.I true . XIt is used for shell programming. XThe program is in reality not a program at all. XIt is the null file. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - tset sed '/^X/s///' > tset << '/' X.CD "tset \(en set the $TERM variable" X.SX "tset\fR [\fIdevice\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "eval \`tset\`" "Set TERM" X.PP X\fITset\fR is used almost exclusively to set the shell variable TERM from Xinside profiles. If an argument is supplied, that is used as the value of XTERM. Otherwise it looks in \fI/etc/ttytype\fR. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - tsort sed '/^X/s///' > tsort << '/' X.CD "tsort \(en topological sort [IBM]" X.SX "tsort \fIfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EX "lorder *.s | tsort" "Give library ordering" X.EX "ar cr libc.a \`lorder *.s | tsort\`" "Build library" X.PP X\fITsort\fR accepts a file of lines containing ordered pairs and builds a Xtotal ordering from the partial orderings. X X X X.SP 1.5 / echo x - ttt sed '/^X/s///' > ttt << '/' X.CD "ttt \(en tic tac toe" X.SX "ttt" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "ttt~~~" "Start the game" X.PP XThis program allows the user to engage in a game of tic tac toe (noughts and Xcrosses) with the computer. XThe program uses the alpha-beta algorithm, so the user had better be sharp. X X X / echo x - tty sed '/^X/s///' > tty << '/' X.CD "tty \(en print the device name of this tty" X.SX "tty \fR[\fB\(ens\fR]" X.FL "\(ens" "Silent mode, only the exit status is affected." X.EY "tty~~~" "Print the tty name" X.PP XPrint the name of the controlling tty. If the flag \fB\(ens\fR is given, X\fItty\fR is equivalent to the call to \fIisatty()\fR. X X X / echo x - umount sed '/^X/s///' > umount << '/' X.CD "umount \(en unmount a mounted file system" X.SX "/etc/umount \fIspecial" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "/etc/umount /dev/fd1" "Unmount diskette 1" X.PP XA mounted file system is unmounted after the cache has been flushed to disk. XA diskette should never be removed while it is mounted. XIf this happens, and is discovered before another diskette is inserted, the Xoriginal one can be replaced without harm. XAttempts to unmount a file system holding working directories or open files Xwill be rejected with a \*(OQdevice busy\*(CQ message. X X X / echo x - unexpand sed '/^X/s///' > unexpand << '/' X.CD "unexpand \(en convert spaces to tabs" X.SX "unexpand\fR [\fB\(ena\fR] X.FL "\(ena" "All spaces are unexpanded" X.EY "unexpand oldfile >newfile" "Convert leading spaces to tabs" X.PP X\fIUnexpand\fR replaces spaces in the named files with tabs. XIf no files are listed, \fIstdin\fR is given. XThe \fB\(ena\fR flag is used to force all sequences of spaces to be Xexpanded, instead of just leading spaces (the default). X X X / echo x - uniq sed '/^X/s///' > uniq << '/' X.CD "uniq \(en delete consecutive identical lines in a file" X.SX "uniq\fR [\fB\(encdu\fR]\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] [\fB+\fIn\fR] [\fIinput [\fIoutput\fR]\fR] X.FL "\(enc" "Give count of identical lines in the input" X.FL "\(end" "Only duplicate lines are written to output" X.FL "\(enu" "Only unique lines are written to output" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "Skip the first \fIn\fR columns when matching" X.FL "+\fIn\fR" "Skip the first \fIn\fR fields when matching" X.EX "uniq +2 file" "Ignore first 2 fields when comparing" X.EX "uniq \(end inf outf" "Write duplicate lines to \fIoutf\fP" X.PP X.I Uniq Xexamines a file for consecutive lines that are identical. XAll but duplicate entries are deleted, and the file is written to output. XThe +\fIn\fR option skips the first \fIn\fR fields, where a field is defined Xas a run of characters separated by white space. XThe \(en\fIn\fP option skips the first \fIn\fR spaces. XFields are skipped first. X X / echo x - unshar sed '/^X/s///' > unshar << '/' X.CD "unshar \(en Remove files from a shell archive" X.SX "unshar\fR [\fB\(enbtvx\fR] \fIsharfile \fImember ..." X.FL "\(enb" "Unshar brutally, overwriting files if need be" X.FL "\(ent" "Tell what is in the archive but do not extract" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose mode" X.FL "\(enx" "Extract only the members listed" X.EX "unshar arch.sh" "Extract all members of the archive" X.EX "unshar \(ent arch.sh" "List the contents of the archive" X.EX "unshar \(enxf1 \(enxf2 arch.sh" "Extract \fIf1\fR and \fIf2\fR from \fIarch.sh\fR" X.EX "uniq \(end inf outf" "Write duplicate lines to \fIoutf\fP" X.PP X.I Unshar Xextracts members of a shell archive, the same as \fIsh\fR, except much faster. XIt expects shell archives created with \fIshar.\fR XIt also has options to list the contents of a shell archive, and to selectively Xextract some members but not all. X X X / echo x - update sed '/^X/s///' > update << '/' X.CD "update \(en periodically write the buffer cache to disk" X.SX "/etc/update" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "/etc/update &" "Start a process that flushes the cache" X.PP XWhen the system is booted, X.I update Xis started up in the background from X.I /etc/rc Xto issue a X.SY SYNC Xsystem call every 30 sec. X X X / echo x - users sed '/^X/s///' > users << '/' X.CD "users \(en list the logged-in users" X.SX "users" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "users" "list the users" X.PP X\fIUsers\fR prints one line containing the names of all Xthe currently logged-in users. X X X / echo x - uud sed '/^X/s///' > uud << '/' X.CD "uud \(en decode a binary file encoded with uue" X.SX "uud\fR [\fB\(enn\fR]\fR [\fB\(ens \fIsrcdir\fR] [\fB\(ent \fIdstdir/\fR] \fIfile" X.FL "\(enn" "Do not verify checksums" X.FL "\(ens" "Name of directory where \fI.uue\fR file is" X.FL "\(ent" "Name of directory where output goes" X.EX "uud file.uue " "Re-create the original file" X.EX "uud \(en uue << '/' X.CD "uue \(en encode a binary file to ASCII (e.g., for mailing)" X.SX "uue\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIfile\fR [\fB\(en\fR]" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "How many lines to put in each file" X.EX "uue file" "Encode \fIfile\fR to \fIfile.uue\fR" X.EX "uue file \(en >x" "Encode \fIfile\fR and write on \fIstdout\fR" X.EX "uue \(en800 file" "Output on \fIfile.uaa\fR, \fIfile.uab\fR etc." X.PP X\fIUuencode\fR is a famous program that converts an arbitrary (usually binary) Xfile to an encoding using only 64 ASCII characters. X\fIUudecode\fR converts it back to the original file. XThe \fIuue\fR and \fIuud\fR programs are the X.MX Xversions of these programs, and are compatible with the \s-2UNIX\s0 ones. XThe files produced can even be sent successfully over BITNET, which is Xnotorious for mangling files. XIt is possible to have \fIuue\fR automatically split the encoded file up Xinto small chunks. XThe output files then get the suffixes \fI.uaa\fR, \fI.uab\fR, etc., instead Xof \fI.uue\fR. XWhen \fIuud\fR is given \fIfile.uaa\fR to decode, it automatically includes Xthe subsequent pieces. XThe encoding takes 3 bytes (24 bits) from the input file and renders it Xas 4 bytes in the output file. X X X X.SP 2 / echo x - virecover sed '/^X/s///' > virecover << '/' X.CD "virecover \(en recover from a crash" X.SX "virecover \fR[\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "virecover prog.c" "Recover \fIprog.c\fR X.PP X\fIVirecover\fR is used to recover an edit session after a crash. XBoth \fIelvis\fR and \fIex\fR keep a scratch files in \fI/usr/tmp\fR. XAfter an editor crash, this information is used to reconstruct the file. XIf \fIvirecover\fR is called with no file name, it expects one of these Xtemporary files on \fIstdin\fR. X X X X.SP 2 / echo x - vol sed '/^X/s///' > vol << '/' X.CD "vol \(en split stdin into diskette-sized volumes" X.SX "vol\fR [\fB\(enu\fR] \fIsize block_special" X.FL "\(enu" "Unsave from diskettes" X.EX "tar c \(en . | vol 360 /dev/fd0" "Prompt for disk every 360K" X.EX "vol \(enu 360 /dev/fd0 | tar x \(en " "Restore a saved file system" X.PP XIt occasionally happens that a program generates an output stream intended Xfor diskette but the stream is to large to fit on one diskette. \fIVol\fP is a Xprogram that accepts such a stream, and pauses every \fIn\fR Xblocks to request a new diskette to be inserted. XThis makes it possible to save arbitrarily long Xstreams on a series of diskettes, as shown in the examples above. X X X / echo x - wc sed '/^X/s///' > wc << '/' X.CD "wc \(en count characters, words, and lines in a file" X.SX "wc\fR [\fB\(enclw\fR] \fIfile\fR ..." X.FL "\(enc" "Print character count" X.FL "\(enl" "Print line count" X.FL "\(enw" "Print word count" X.EX "wc file1 file2" "Print all three counts for both files" X.EX "wc \(enl file" "Print line count only" X.PP X.I Wc Xreads each argument and computes the number of characters, words and lines Xit contains. XA word is delimited by white space (space, tab, or line feed). XIf no flags are present, all three counts are printed. X X X X.SP 0.6 / echo x - weidertc sed '/^X/s///' > weidertc << '/' X.CD "weidertc \(en set date from Weide real time clock [ATARI]" X.SX "weidertc [\(end]" X.FL "\(end" "Output some debugging information" X.EY "weidertc" "Set the date from the Weide real time clock" X.PP X.I Weidertc Xreads the current date and time from a Weide real time clock (if present) Xand sets the X.MX Xtime accordingly. XThis program is usually called from X.I /etc/rc . X X X X.SP 0.6 / echo x - whatis sed '/^X/s///' > whatis << '/' X.CD "whatis \(en tell what the program does" X.SX "whatis \fIname ..." X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "whatis head" "Gives a summary of what the \fIhead\fR program does" X.PP X\fIWhatis\fR searches the \fI/usr/etc/whatis\fR database for the arguments. XFor each name, it prints the corresponding entry. X X X / echo x - whatsnew sed '/^X/s///' > whatsnew << '/' X.CD "whatsnew \(en print a newly modified file, marking changes" X.SX "whatsnew\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR] \fIfile.c file.c.cdif" X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "Output line length" X.EX "whatsnew file.c file.c.cdif~~~~~~" "Print \fIfile.c\fR with changes marked" X.EX "whatsnew \(en70 file.c file.c.cdif" "Same as above, but with 70 col line" X.PP XIt commonly occurs that \fIcdif\fRs are posted to USENET. XAfter installing a \fIcdif\fR file, it is sometimes desirable to print out Xthe new file, with the changes marked on it. X\fIWhatsnew\fR does precisely this, with the changes + and ! printed in the Xright-hand margin. X X X X.SP 0.6 / echo x - whereis sed '/^X/s///' > whereis << '/' X.CD "whereis \(en examine system directories for a given file" X.SX "whereis \fIfile" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "whereis stat.h" "Prints: \fI/usr/include/sys/stat.h\fR" X.PP X\fIWhereis\fR searches a fixed set of system Xdirectories, \fI/bin\fR, \fI/lib\fR, \fI/usr/bin\fR, Xand others, and prints all occurrences of the argument name in any of them. X X X / echo x - which sed '/^X/s///' > which << '/' X.CD "which \(en examine $PATH to see which file will be executed" X.SX "which \fIname" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "which a.out" "Tells which \fIa.out\fR will be executed" X.PP XThe $PATH shell variable controls the X.MX Xsearch rules. XIf a command \fIa.out\fR is given, the shell first tries to find an Xexecutable file in the working directory. XIf that fails, it looks in various system directories, such as X\fI/bin\fR and \fI/usr/bin\fR. XThe\fR which\fR command makes the same search and gives the absolute Xpath of the program that will be chosen, followed by other occurrences Xof the file name along the path. X X X / echo x - who sed '/^X/s///' > who << '/' X.CD "who \(en print list of currently logged in users" X.SX "who\fR [\fIfile\fR]" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "who " "Print user names, terminals and times" X.PP X\fIWho\fR prints a list of currently logged in users. For each one, Xthe user name, terminal, and login time is printed. XThis program gets its information from the file \fI/etc/utmp\fR, which Xis updated by init and login. XIf the file does not exist, neither of these will create it, and X\fIwho\fR will not work. Note that if you decide to create an empty X\fI/usr/adm/wtmp\fR to enable the login accounting, it will grow forever and Xeventually fill up your disk unless you manually truncate it from time to time. XIf an optional file name is provided, the logins in that file will be printed. X X X / echo x - whoami sed '/^X/s///' > whoami << '/' X.CD "whoami \(en print current user name" X.SX "whoami" X.FL "\fR(none)" X.EY "whoami" "Print user name" X.PP XIn case you forget who you are logged in as, \fIwhoami\fR will tell you. If Xyou use \fIsu\fR to become somebody else, X\fIwhoami\fR will give the current effective user. X X X / echo x - width sed '/^X/s///' > width << '/' X.CD "width \(en force all the lines of a file to a given width" X.SX "width\fR [\fB\(en\fIn\fR [ \fIinfile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR]\fR X.FL "\(en\fIn\fR" "Outline line size" X.EX "width \(en60 x y" "Copy \fIx\fR to \fIy\fR, force lines to 60 cols" X.EX "width x" "Copy default (80) column lines to \fIstdout\fR" X.PP XThe input file is copied to the output file. XAll lines are forced to a given size (default: 80 columns) by padding with Xspaces or truncating. XTabs are expanded to spaces. X X X / echo x - write sed '/^X/s///' > write << '/' X.CD "write \(en send a message to a logged-in user" X.SX "write\fR [\fB\(encv\fR] \fIuser\fR [\fItty\fR] X.FL "\(enc" "Use cbreak mode" X.FL "\(env" "Verbose mode" X.EX "write ast" "Send a message to ast" X.EX "write ast tty1" "Send a message to ast on tty1" X.PP X\fIWrite\fR lets a user send messages to another logged-in user. XLines typed by the user appear on the other user's screen a line at a time X(a character at a time in the case of cbreak mode). XThe file \fI/usr/adm/wtmp\fR is searched to determine which tty to send to. XIf the user is logged onto more than one terminal, the \fItty\fR argument Xselects the terminal. Type CTRL- D to terminate the command. XUse ! as a shell escape. /